Validity of Contextual Formulas

Many well-known logical identities are naturally written as equivalences between contextual formulas. A simple example is the Boole-Shannon expansion c[p] ≡ (p ∧ c[true]) ∨ (¬ p ∧ c[false]), where c denotes an arbitrary formula with possibly multiple occurrences of a “hole”, called a context, and c[φ] denotes the result of “filling” all holes of c with the formula φ. Another example is the unfolding rule µX.c[X] ≡ c[µX.c[X]] of the modal µ-calculus. We consider the modal µ-calculus as overarching temporal logic and, as usual, reduce the problem whether φ1 ≡ φ2 holds for contextual formulas φ1, φ2 to the problem whether φ1 ↔ φ2 is valid. We show that the problem whether a contextual formula of the µ-calculus is valid for all contexts can be reduced to validity of ordinary formulas. Our first result constructs a canonical context such that a formula is valid for all contexts iff it is valid for this particular one. However, the ordinary formula is exponential in the nesting-depth of the context variables. In a second result we solve this problem, thus proving that validity of contextual formulas is EXP-complete, as for ordinary equivalences. We also prove that both results hold for CTL and LTL as well. We conclude the paper with some experimental results. In particular, we use our implementation to automatically prove the correctness of a set of six contextual equivalences of LTL recently introduced by Esparza et al. for the normalization of LTL formulas. While Esparza et al. need several pages of manual proof, our tool only needs milliseconds to do the job and to compute counterexamples for incorrect variants of the equivalences.