TY - JOUR
T1 - The Matter of How and When
T2 - Comparing Explicit and Implicit Communication Strategies of Automated Vehicles in Bottleneck Scenarios
AU - Rettenmaier, Michael
AU - Bengler, Klaus
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 IEEE.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - The introduction of automated vehicles (AVs) leads to mixed traffic where the AV should safely and efficiently integrate into established interactions. Since the driving behavior and thus the AV's communication may differ from that of traditional road users, highly comprehensible communication strategies are needed to reliably convey the AV's intention. This work investigates the encounter of an AV and a simultaneously oncoming human driver at bottlenecks due to double-parked vehicles on both sides of the road. Regarding this scenario, we aim to answer how and when the AV should communicate right-of-way to ensure safe and efficient interactions. In a driving simulator study, 31 participants experienced eight different communication strategies in which the AV communicated explicitly via an external human-machine interface simultaneously and separately to an implicit lateral vehicle movement. Furthermore, the AV triggered its communication based on human choice reaction time. Results show that AVs should communicate right-of-way explicitly and implicitly together while not changing their maneuver to ensure safety and increase efficiency. This combined approach was rated highly comprehensible, avoided crashes, and increased participants' passing times by shortening human decision time. In addition, triggering the communication based on human choice reaction time enables the human driver to react appropriately.
AB - The introduction of automated vehicles (AVs) leads to mixed traffic where the AV should safely and efficiently integrate into established interactions. Since the driving behavior and thus the AV's communication may differ from that of traditional road users, highly comprehensible communication strategies are needed to reliably convey the AV's intention. This work investigates the encounter of an AV and a simultaneously oncoming human driver at bottlenecks due to double-parked vehicles on both sides of the road. Regarding this scenario, we aim to answer how and when the AV should communicate right-of-way to ensure safe and efficient interactions. In a driving simulator study, 31 participants experienced eight different communication strategies in which the AV communicated explicitly via an external human-machine interface simultaneously and separately to an implicit lateral vehicle movement. Furthermore, the AV triggered its communication based on human choice reaction time. Results show that AVs should communicate right-of-way explicitly and implicitly together while not changing their maneuver to ensure safety and increase efficiency. This combined approach was rated highly comprehensible, avoided crashes, and increased participants' passing times by shortening human decision time. In addition, triggering the communication based on human choice reaction time enables the human driver to react appropriately.
KW - Automated vehicle movement
KW - communication timing
KW - external human-machine interface
KW - human-automation interaction
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85126216847&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/OJITS.2021.3107678
DO - 10.1109/OJITS.2021.3107678
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85126216847
SN - 2687-7813
VL - 2
SP - 282
EP - 293
JO - IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems
JF - IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems
M1 - 9521960
ER -