The IceCube prototype string in Amanda

M. Ackermann; J. Ahrens; X. Bai; M. Bartelt; S. W. Barwick; R. Bay; T. Becka; J. K. Becker; K. H. Becker; E. Bernardini; D. Bertrand; D. J. Boersma; S. Böser; O. Botner; A. Bouchta; O. Bouhali; J. Braun; C. Burgess; T. Burgess; T. Castermans; W. Chinowsky; D. Chirkin; J. Conrad; J. Cooley; D. F. Cowen; A. Davour; C. De Clercq; T. Deyoung; P. Desiati; P. Ekström; T. Feser; M. Gaug; T. K. Gaisser; R. Ganugapati; H. Geenen; L. Gerhardt; A. Goldschmidt; A. Groß; A. Hallgren; F. Halzen; K. Hanson; R. Hardtke; T. Harenberg; T. Hauschildt; K. Helbing; M. Hellwig; P. Herquet; G. C. Hill; D. Hubert; B. Hughey; P. O. Hulth; K. Hultqvist; S. Hundertmark; J. Jacobsen; K. H. Kampert; A. Karle; J. L. Kelley; M. Kestel; G. Kohnen; L. Köpke; M. Kowalski; M. Krasberg; K. Kuehn; H. Leich; M. Leuthold; I. Liubarsky; J. Ludvig; J. Lundberg; J. Madsen; P. Marciniewski; H. S. Matis; C. P. McParland; T. Messarius; Y. Minaeva; P. Miočinović; R. Morse; K. S. Münich; R. Nahnhauer; J. Nam; T. Neunhöffer; P. Niessen; D. R. Nygren; H. Ögelman; Ph Olbrechts; C. Pérez De Los Heros; A. C. Pohl; R. Porrata; P. B. Price; G. T. Przybylski; K. Rawlins; E. Resconi; W. Rhode; M. Ribordy; S. Richter; S. Robbins; J. Rodríguez Martino; H. G. Sander; S. Schlenstedt; D. Schneider

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.029

The IceCube prototype string in Amanda

M. Ackermann, J. Ahrens, X. Bai, M. Bartelt, S. W. Barwick, R. Bay, T. Becka, J. K. Becker, K. H. Becker, E. Bernardini, D. Bertrand, D. J. Boersma, S. Böser, O. Botner, A. Bouchta, O. Bouhali, J. Braun, C. Burgess, T. Burgess, T. CastermansW. Chinowsky, D. Chirkin, J. Conrad, J. Cooley, D. F. Cowen, A. Davour, C. De Clercq, T. Deyoung, P. Desiati, P. Ekström, T. Feser, M. Gaug, T. K. Gaisser, R. Ganugapati, H. Geenen, L. Gerhardt, A. Goldschmidt, A. Groß, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, K. Hanson, R. Hardtke, T. Harenberg, T. Hauschildt, K. Helbing, M. Hellwig, P. Herquet, G. C. Hill, D. Hubert, B. Hughey, P. O. Hulth, K. Hultqvist, S. Hundertmark, J. Jacobsen, K. H. Kampert, A. Karle, J. L. Kelley, M. Kestel, G. Kohnen, L. Köpke, M. Kowalski, M. Krasberg, K. Kuehn, H. Leich, M. Leuthold, I. Liubarsky, J. Ludvig, J. Lundberg, J. Madsen, P. Marciniewski, H. S. Matis, C. P. McParland, T. Messarius, Y. Minaeva, P. Miočinović, R. Morse, K. S. Münich, R. Nahnhauer, J. Nam, T. Neunhöffer, P. Niessen, D. R. Nygren, H. Ögelman, Ph Olbrechts, C. Pérez De Los Heros, A. C. Pohl, R. Porrata, P. B. Price, G. T. Przybylski, K. Rawlins, E. Resconi, W. Rhode, M. Ribordy, S. Richter, S. Robbins, J. Rodríguez Martino, H. G. Sander, S. Schlenstedt, D. Schneider

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

22 Scopus citations

Abstract

The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (Amanda) is a high-energy neutrino telescope. It is a lattice of optical modules (OM) installed in the clear ice below the South Pole Station. Each OM contains a photomultiplier tube (PMT) that detects photons of Cherenkov light generated in the ice by muons and electrons. IceCube is a cubic-kilometer-sized expansion of Amanda currently being built at the South Pole. In IceCube the PMT signals are digitized already in the optical modules and transmitted to the surface. A prototype string of 41 OMs equipped with this new all-digital technology was deployed in the Amanda array in the year 2000. In this paper we describe the technology and demonstrate that this string serves as a proof of concept for the IceCube array. Our investigations show that the OM timing accuracy is 5 ns. Atmospheric muons are detected in excellent agreement with expectations with respect to both angular distribution and absolute rate.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	169-181
Number of pages	13
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	556
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.029
State	Published - 1 Jan 2006
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

Amanda
IceCube
Neutrino telescope
Signal digitization

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10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.029

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Ackermann, M., Ahrens, J., Bai, X., Bartelt, M., Barwick, S. W., Bay, R., Becka, T., Becker, J. K., Becker, K. H., Bernardini, E., Bertrand, D., Boersma, D. J., Böser, S., Botner, O., Bouchta, A., Bouhali, O., Braun, J., Burgess, C., Burgess, T., ... Schneider, D. (2006). The IceCube prototype string in Amanda. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 556(1), 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.029

@article{52dacc50918f49afb38c6d3b4f207564,

title = "The IceCube prototype string in Amanda",

abstract = "The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (Amanda) is a high-energy neutrino telescope. It is a lattice of optical modules (OM) installed in the clear ice below the South Pole Station. Each OM contains a photomultiplier tube (PMT) that detects photons of Cherenkov light generated in the ice by muons and electrons. IceCube is a cubic-kilometer-sized expansion of Amanda currently being built at the South Pole. In IceCube the PMT signals are digitized already in the optical modules and transmitted to the surface. A prototype string of 41 OMs equipped with this new all-digital technology was deployed in the Amanda array in the year 2000. In this paper we describe the technology and demonstrate that this string serves as a proof of concept for the IceCube array. Our investigations show that the OM timing accuracy is 5 ns. Atmospheric muons are detected in excellent agreement with expectations with respect to both angular distribution and absolute rate.",

keywords = "Amanda, IceCube, Neutrino telescope, Signal digitization",

author = "M. Ackermann and J. Ahrens and X. Bai and M. Bartelt and Barwick, \{S. W.\} and R. Bay and T. Becka and Becker, \{J. K.\} and Becker, \{K. H.\} and E. Bernardini and D. Bertrand and Boersma, \{D. J.\} and S. B{\"o}ser and O. Botner and A. Bouchta and O. Bouhali and J. Braun and C. Burgess and T. Burgess and T. Castermans and W. Chinowsky and D. Chirkin and J. Conrad and J. Cooley and Cowen, \{D. F.\} and A. Davour and \{De Clercq\}, C. and T. Deyoung and P. Desiati and P. Ekstr{\"o}m and T. Feser and M. Gaug and Gaisser, \{T. K.\} and R. Ganugapati and H. Geenen and L. Gerhardt and A. Goldschmidt and A. Gro{\ss} and A. Hallgren and F. Halzen and K. Hanson and R. Hardtke and T. Harenberg and T. Hauschildt and K. Helbing and M. Hellwig and P. Herquet and Hill, \{G. C.\} and D. Hubert and B. Hughey and Hulth, \{P. O.\} and K. Hultqvist and S. Hundertmark and J. Jacobsen and Kampert, \{K. H.\} and A. Karle and Kelley, \{J. L.\} and M. Kestel and G. Kohnen and L. K{\"o}pke and M. Kowalski and M. Krasberg and K. Kuehn and H. Leich and M. Leuthold and I. Liubarsky and J. Ludvig and J. Lundberg and J. Madsen and P. Marciniewski and Matis, \{H. S.\} and McParland, \{C. P.\} and T. Messarius and Y. Minaeva and P. Mio{\v c}inovi{\'c} and R. Morse and M{\"u}nich, \{K. S.\} and R. Nahnhauer and J. Nam and T. Neunh{\"o}ffer and P. Niessen and Nygren, \{D. R.\} and H. {\"O}gelman and Ph Olbrechts and \{P{\'e}rez De Los Heros\}, C. and Pohl, \{A. C.\} and R. Porrata and Price, \{P. B.\} and Przybylski, \{G. T.\} and K. Rawlins and E. Resconi and W. Rhode and M. Ribordy and S. Richter and S. Robbins and \{Rodr{\'i}guez Martino\}, J. and Sander, \{H. G.\} and S. Schlenstedt and D. Schneider",

note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by the following agencies: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); German Ministry for Education and Research; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Natural Science Research Council; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO), Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT), and Belgian Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural affairs (OSTC), Belgium. UC-Irvine AENEAS Supercomputer Facility; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; U.S. National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs; U.S. National Science Foundation, Physics Division; U.S. Department of Energy; D.F. Cowen acknowledges the support of the NSF CAREER program. I. Taboada acknowledges the support of FVPI. M. Ribordy acknowledges the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. K. Helbing acknowledges the support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.",

year = "2006",

month = jan,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.029",

language = "English",

volume = "556",

pages = "169--181",

journal = "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment",

issn = "0168-9002",

publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",

number = "1",

}

Ackermann, M, Ahrens, J, Bai, X, Bartelt, M, Barwick, SW, Bay, R, Becka, T, Becker, JK, Becker, KH, Bernardini, E, Bertrand, D, Boersma, DJ, Böser, S, Botner, O, Bouchta, A, Bouhali, O, Braun, J, Burgess, C, Burgess, T, Castermans, T, Chinowsky, W, Chirkin, D, Conrad, J, Cooley, J, Cowen, DF, Davour, A, De Clercq, C, Deyoung, T, Desiati, P, Ekström, P, Feser, T, Gaug, M, Gaisser, TK, Ganugapati, R, Geenen, H, Gerhardt, L, Goldschmidt, A, Groß, A, Hallgren, A, Halzen, F, Hanson, K, Hardtke, R, Harenberg, T, Hauschildt, T, Helbing, K, Hellwig, M, Herquet, P, Hill, GC, Hubert, D, Hughey, B, Hulth, PO, Hultqvist, K, Hundertmark, S, Jacobsen, J, Kampert, KH, Karle, A, Kelley, JL, Kestel, M, Kohnen, G, Köpke, L, Kowalski, M, Krasberg, M, Kuehn, K, Leich, H, Leuthold, M, Liubarsky, I, Ludvig, J, Lundberg, J, Madsen, J, Marciniewski, P, Matis, HS, McParland, CP, Messarius, T, Minaeva, Y, Miočinović, P, Morse, R, Münich, KS, Nahnhauer, R, Nam, J, Neunhöffer, T, Niessen, P, Nygren, DR, Ögelman, H, Olbrechts, P, Pérez De Los Heros, C, Pohl, AC, Porrata, R, Price, PB, Przybylski, GT, Rawlins, K, Resconi, E, Rhode, W, Ribordy, M, Richter, S, Robbins, S, Rodríguez Martino, J, Sander, HG, Schlenstedt, S & Schneider, D 2006, 'The IceCube prototype string in Amanda', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 556, no. 1, pp. 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.029

TY - JOUR

T1 - The IceCube prototype string in Amanda

AU - Ackermann, M.

AU - Ahrens, J.

AU - Bai, X.

AU - Bartelt, M.

AU - Barwick, S. W.

AU - Bay, R.

AU - Becka, T.

AU - Becker, J. K.

AU - Becker, K. H.

AU - Bernardini, E.

AU - Bertrand, D.

AU - Boersma, D. J.

AU - Böser, S.

AU - Botner, O.

AU - Bouchta, A.

AU - Bouhali, O.

AU - Braun, J.

AU - Burgess, C.

AU - Burgess, T.

AU - Castermans, T.

AU - Chinowsky, W.

AU - Chirkin, D.

AU - Conrad, J.

AU - Cooley, J.

AU - Cowen, D. F.

AU - Davour, A.

AU - De Clercq, C.

AU - Deyoung, T.

AU - Desiati, P.

AU - Ekström, P.

AU - Feser, T.

AU - Gaug, M.

AU - Gaisser, T. K.

AU - Ganugapati, R.

AU - Geenen, H.

AU - Gerhardt, L.

AU - Goldschmidt, A.

AU - Groß, A.

AU - Hallgren, A.

AU - Halzen, F.

AU - Hanson, K.

AU - Hardtke, R.

AU - Harenberg, T.

AU - Hauschildt, T.

AU - Helbing, K.

AU - Hellwig, M.

AU - Herquet, P.

AU - Hill, G. C.

AU - Hubert, D.

AU - Hughey, B.

AU - Hulth, P. O.

AU - Hultqvist, K.

AU - Hundertmark, S.

AU - Jacobsen, J.

AU - Kampert, K. H.

AU - Karle, A.

AU - Kelley, J. L.

AU - Kestel, M.

AU - Kohnen, G.

AU - Köpke, L.

AU - Kowalski, M.

AU - Krasberg, M.

AU - Kuehn, K.

AU - Leich, H.

AU - Leuthold, M.

AU - Liubarsky, I.

AU - Ludvig, J.

AU - Lundberg, J.

AU - Madsen, J.

AU - Marciniewski, P.

AU - Matis, H. S.

AU - McParland, C. P.

AU - Messarius, T.

AU - Minaeva, Y.

AU - Miočinović, P.

AU - Morse, R.

AU - Münich, K. S.

AU - Nahnhauer, R.

AU - Nam, J.

AU - Neunhöffer, T.

AU - Niessen, P.

AU - Nygren, D. R.

AU - Ögelman, H.

AU - Olbrechts, Ph

AU - Pérez De Los Heros, C.

AU - Pohl, A. C.

AU - Porrata, R.

AU - Price, P. B.

AU - Przybylski, G. T.

AU - Rawlins, K.

AU - Resconi, E.

AU - Rhode, W.

AU - Ribordy, M.

AU - Richter, S.

AU - Robbins, S.

AU - Rodríguez Martino, J.

AU - Sander, H. G.

AU - Schlenstedt, S.

AU - Schneider, D.

N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by the following agencies: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); German Ministry for Education and Research; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Natural Science Research Council; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO), Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT), and Belgian Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural affairs (OSTC), Belgium. UC-Irvine AENEAS Supercomputer Facility; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; U.S. National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs; U.S. National Science Foundation, Physics Division; U.S. Department of Energy; D.F. Cowen acknowledges the support of the NSF CAREER program. I. Taboada acknowledges the support of FVPI. M. Ribordy acknowledges the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. K. Helbing acknowledges the support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

PY - 2006/1/1

Y1 - 2006/1/1

N2 - The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (Amanda) is a high-energy neutrino telescope. It is a lattice of optical modules (OM) installed in the clear ice below the South Pole Station. Each OM contains a photomultiplier tube (PMT) that detects photons of Cherenkov light generated in the ice by muons and electrons. IceCube is a cubic-kilometer-sized expansion of Amanda currently being built at the South Pole. In IceCube the PMT signals are digitized already in the optical modules and transmitted to the surface. A prototype string of 41 OMs equipped with this new all-digital technology was deployed in the Amanda array in the year 2000. In this paper we describe the technology and demonstrate that this string serves as a proof of concept for the IceCube array. Our investigations show that the OM timing accuracy is 5 ns. Atmospheric muons are detected in excellent agreement with expectations with respect to both angular distribution and absolute rate.

AB - The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (Amanda) is a high-energy neutrino telescope. It is a lattice of optical modules (OM) installed in the clear ice below the South Pole Station. Each OM contains a photomultiplier tube (PMT) that detects photons of Cherenkov light generated in the ice by muons and electrons. IceCube is a cubic-kilometer-sized expansion of Amanda currently being built at the South Pole. In IceCube the PMT signals are digitized already in the optical modules and transmitted to the surface. A prototype string of 41 OMs equipped with this new all-digital technology was deployed in the Amanda array in the year 2000. In this paper we describe the technology and demonstrate that this string serves as a proof of concept for the IceCube array. Our investigations show that the OM timing accuracy is 5 ns. Atmospheric muons are detected in excellent agreement with expectations with respect to both angular distribution and absolute rate.

KW - Amanda

KW - IceCube

KW - Neutrino telescope

KW - Signal digitization

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/29144446108

U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.029

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.029

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:29144446108

SN - 0168-9002

VL - 556

SP - 169

EP - 181

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

IS - 1

ER -

The IceCube prototype string in Amanda

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