Teacher–Student Relationships and Student Outcomes: A Systematic Second-Order Meta-Analytic Review

Teacher–student relationships (TSRs) play a vital role in establishing a positive classroom climate and promoting positive student outcomes. Severalmeta-analyses have suggested significant correlations between positive TSRs and, for example, academic achievement, motivation, executive functions, and well-being, as well as between negative TSRs that result in behavior problems or bullying. These meta-analyses have differed substantially in TSR–outcome relationships, moderators, and methodological quality, thus complicating the interpretation of these findings. In this preregistered systematic review of meta-analyses plus original second-order meta-analyses (SOMAs), we aimed to (a) synthesize the meta-analytic evidence on relations between TSRs and student outcomes, (b) map influential moderators of these relations, and (c) assess the methodological quality of the meta-analyses. Wesynthesized over 70 years of educational research across 26 meta-analyses encompassing 119 meta-analytic effect sizes based on approximately 2.64 million prekindergarten and K–12 students. We conducted several three-level SOMAs and found that TSRs had similar large significant relations with eight clusters of student outcomes: academic achievement, academic emotions, appropriate student behavior, behavior problems, executive functions and self-control, motivation, school belonging and engagement, and well-being. The link with bullying was only marginally significant. Our moderator analyses suggested a larger TSR– outcome link for middle and high school students. Although more recent meta-analyses fulfilled more methodological quality criteria, these differences were not associatedwith TSR–outcome relations. These results map the field of TSR research; present their relations, moderators, and methodological quality in meta-analyses; and show how TSRs are equally important for a wide range of student outcomes and samples.