TY - JOUR
T1 - Tailoring wheat management to ENSO phases for increased wheat production in Paraguay
AU - Ramirez-Rodrigues, Melissa A.
AU - Asseng, Senthold
AU - Fraisse, Clyde
AU - Stefanova, Lydia
AU - Eisenkolbi, Alicia
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - Reported regional wheat yields in Paraguay vary from 1 to 3. t/ha from year to year, but appear not to be correlated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. Historical weather data from two locations in representative wheat-growing regions of Paraguay, Encarnación-Itapúa and Ciudad del Este-Alto Paraná combined with crop modeling, were analyzed to optimize nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates according to the ENSO phase of a growing season. The ENSO phase of a growing season was defined based on the average of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific region for the period June-October using the El Niño region 3.0 index (Niño 3.0). Simulated average yields in Alto Paraná were higher in the drier and cooler La Niña wheat-growing seasons (average of 3.5. t/ha) compared to the other phases (average of 3.2. t/ha) and in Itapúa, in Neutral seasons (average of 3.8. t/ha) compared to the other phases (average of 3.7. t/ha). Accordingly, optimal N fertilizer applications ranged between 20 and 60. kg. N/ha between phases depending on the sowing date, soil type and initial amount of soil water content. Applying an ENSO or General Circulation Model (GCM)-based forecast for ENSO-season-type specific N fertilizer applications resulted in benefits of >100 US$/ha when compared with current farmers' practice of consistently low N fertilizer applications in Paraguay. When N management based on forecasts was compared with optimized N application without forecast, the benefits of the forecast was only up to 8 US$/ha. The ENSO-persistence-based forecast showed higher values than the GCM-based forecasts with two lead-times but lower skill. Using climate information can significantly increase current wheat yields and gross margins in Paraguay by tailoring N fertilizer applications to the Niño 3.0-defined ENSO phases, which can be forecasted with moderate skill at the beginning of the growing season.
AB - Reported regional wheat yields in Paraguay vary from 1 to 3. t/ha from year to year, but appear not to be correlated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. Historical weather data from two locations in representative wheat-growing regions of Paraguay, Encarnación-Itapúa and Ciudad del Este-Alto Paraná combined with crop modeling, were analyzed to optimize nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates according to the ENSO phase of a growing season. The ENSO phase of a growing season was defined based on the average of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific region for the period June-October using the El Niño region 3.0 index (Niño 3.0). Simulated average yields in Alto Paraná were higher in the drier and cooler La Niña wheat-growing seasons (average of 3.5. t/ha) compared to the other phases (average of 3.2. t/ha) and in Itapúa, in Neutral seasons (average of 3.8. t/ha) compared to the other phases (average of 3.7. t/ha). Accordingly, optimal N fertilizer applications ranged between 20 and 60. kg. N/ha between phases depending on the sowing date, soil type and initial amount of soil water content. Applying an ENSO or General Circulation Model (GCM)-based forecast for ENSO-season-type specific N fertilizer applications resulted in benefits of >100 US$/ha when compared with current farmers' practice of consistently low N fertilizer applications in Paraguay. When N management based on forecasts was compared with optimized N application without forecast, the benefits of the forecast was only up to 8 US$/ha. The ENSO-persistence-based forecast showed higher values than the GCM-based forecasts with two lead-times but lower skill. Using climate information can significantly increase current wheat yields and gross margins in Paraguay by tailoring N fertilizer applications to the Niño 3.0-defined ENSO phases, which can be forecasted with moderate skill at the beginning of the growing season.
KW - APSIM-Nwheat
KW - Climate variability
KW - ENSO-persistence-based forecast
KW - GCM-based forecast
KW - Paraguay
KW - Wheat modeling
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84906724897&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.crm.2014.06.001
DO - 10.1016/j.crm.2014.06.001
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84906724897
SN - 2212-0963
VL - 3
SP - 24
EP - 38
JO - Climate Risk Management
JF - Climate Risk Management
ER -
