Study of particle fluence effects on collected charge and depletion voltage of the ATLAS IBL planar pixel sensors

The ATLAS collaboration

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/21/07/P07048

Study of particle fluence effects on collected charge and depletion voltage of the ATLAS IBL planar pixel sensors

The ATLAS collaboration

Aix-Marseille Université
University of Bergen
University of Oklahoma
New York University
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
pro3dure medical GmbH
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Southern Methodist University
University Mohammed V in Rabat
Tel Aviv University
Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza
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Heidelberg University
University of Geneva
Laboratoire d’Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (CNRS/IN2P3/LAPP)
Univ of Mining and Metallurgy
Stanford University
University of Manchester
USA
Istanbul University
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
University of California, Santa Cruz
University of Chicago
Dept. d'Estructura I Constituents De La Matèria and IFAE
Johannes Gutenberg University
'Al. I. Cuza' University
Petroleum Institute
European Organization for Nuclear Research
University of London
University of Valencia
Zhengzhou University
INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata
University of Rome Tor Vergata
Lund University
Waseda University
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
University of Würzburg
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna
University of Victoria
University of Bern
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali Di Frascati
University of Edinburgh
Oklahoma State University
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering
National Technical University of Athens
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik
University of Warwick
Czech Technical University in Prague
Lancaster University
California State University
University of Liverpool
University of Johannesburg
INFN Sezione di Milano
University Paris-Sud
University of Sussex
University of Adelaide
INFN Sezione di Napoli
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
National University of La Plata
University of Washington
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Centre de Recherche Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle
Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
University of Toronto
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
University of Sheffield
University of Texas at Austin
University of Glasgow
University of Milan
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Columbia University
SNS and INFN
SUNY
University of Tokyo
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 1
Brandeis University
Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences
Duke University
Universite della Calabria
Université de Montréal
Universita La Sapienza
Nagoya University
A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (YerPhi)
University Mohammed I
Comenius University
University of California, Irvine
University of Cape Town
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University
University of Pennsylvania
LAIC, Université d'Auvergne
Queen Mary University of London
Institute of Experimental Physics Slovak Academy of Sciences
Carleton University
Technische Universität Dresden
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
University of Oregon
Yale University
University of Texas at Arlington
DIBINEM, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna
University of Oxford
United Arab Emirates University
University of Pittsburgh
School of Physics
University of California at Berkeley
University of Amsterdam
Charles University in Prague
University of Science and Technology of China
University College London (UCL)
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Science
Laboratório de Instrumentacão e Física Experimental de Partículas
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University of British Columbia
Tufts University
Istinye University
University of Belgrade
State University of Rio de Janeiro
Indiana University Bloomington
University of Birmingham
Hassan II University of Casablanca
Uppsala University
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Univ-Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité
Bergische Universität Wuppertal
New York University (NYU)
University of Illinois
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
University of Gaziantep
University of Cambridge
University of Siegen
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Ohio State University
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Michigan State University
York University
The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
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Oskar Klein Centre
Université de Toulouse
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University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nanjing University
Ankara University School of Medicine
Niels Bohr Institutet
Radboud University Nijmegen
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia
University of Pavia
PT Government Associated Laboratory, University of Minho
University of Oslo
Joint Laboratory of Optics
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Argonne National Laboratory
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Simon Fraser University
University of Grenoble Alpes
Faculty of Science
Tsinghua University
Chinese University of Hong Kong
University of Arizona
National Tsing Hua University
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce
Sez. di Roma Tre
Univ. of Ljubljana
Università degli Studi di Udine
Instituto Superior Técnico
McGill University
University of Wisconsin
INFN-TIFPA
University of Trento
University of Pisa
Academia Sinica Taipei
University of Salento
Bogazici University
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Millennium Institute for Subatomic physics at high energy frontier (SAPHIR)
Center for Autonomous Systems
Tbilisi State University
Federal University of Bahia
University of Bucharest
Université Ibn-Tofail
University of São Paulo
University of Lisboa
University of Hong Kong
Louisiana Tech University
Shandong University
Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (IMB-CNM-CSIC)
Coimbra University Pó lo II
National Institute of Physics, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
University of New Mexico
NCSR Demokritos
Jagiellonian University
University of Alberta
University of Georgia
West University in Timisoara
Sun Yat-Sen University
Shinshu University
Osaka University
Tsukuba University
University Politehnica of Bucharest
Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences
Universidad de la Serena in la Serena
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Universidad de Tarapacá
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
University of Innsbruck
Ochanomizu University
Iowa State University
University Andrés Bello
Kobe University
University of Pretoria
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Nankai University
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Centro de Física Nuclear Universidade de Lisboa
iThemba Labs
National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies
Universidad Antonio Nariño
University of Sydney
Kyushu University
Transilvania University of Brasov
Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
University of Sharjah
TOBB University of Economics and Technology
Universidad San Sebastian
Tokyo Metropolitan University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

After ten years of operation at the LHC, the planar pixel sensors of the innermost barrel layer of the ATLAS Pixel detector have accumulated an average bulk damage fluence in excess of 2×10¹⁵ 1 MeV-neutrons equivalent/cm². The macroscopic effects of this radiation are an increase of the sensor leakage current, a loss of charge collection efficiency and an increase of the depletion voltage. Using regular bias voltage scans performed at the beginning and end of each data taking campaign the evolution of the pixel cluster charge and bulk depletion is studied as a function of particle fluence. Results are interpreted with the modelling provided by standalone TCAD and ATLAS Monte Carlo simulation including radiation damage effects. The dependence of the collected charge and the depletion voltage with integrated luminosity are studied through the full period of operation.

Original language	English
Article number	P07048
Journal	Journal of Instrumentation
Volume	21
Issue number	7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/21/07/P07048
State	Published - Jul 2026
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

Particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors)
Si microstrip and pad detectors
Solid state detectors

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10.1088/1748-0221/21/07/P07048

Cite this

@article{b59e31a039eb40bb89843302067c76e4,

title = "Study of particle fluence effects on collected charge and depletion voltage of the ATLAS IBL planar pixel sensors",

abstract = "After ten years of operation at the LHC, the planar pixel sensors of the innermost barrel layer of the ATLAS Pixel detector have accumulated an average bulk damage fluence in excess of 2{\texttimes}1015 1 MeV-neutrons equivalent/cm2. The macroscopic effects of this radiation are an increase of the sensor leakage current, a loss of charge collection efficiency and an increase of the depletion voltage. Using regular bias voltage scans performed at the beginning and end of each data taking campaign the evolution of the pixel cluster charge and bulk depletion is studied as a function of particle fluence. Results are interpreted with the modelling provided by standalone TCAD and ATLAS Monte Carlo simulation including radiation damage effects. The dependence of the collected charge and the depletion voltage with integrated luminosity are studied through the full period of operation.",

keywords = "Particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors), Si microstrip and pad detectors, Solid state detectors",

author = "\{The ATLAS collaboration\} and G. Aad and E. Aakvaag and B. Abbott and S. Abdelhameed and K. Abeling and Abicht, \{N. J.\} and Abidi, \{S. H.\} and M. Aboelela and A. Aboulhorma and H. Abramowicz and Acharya, \{B. S.\} and A. Ackermann and J. Ackerschott and \{Adam Bourdarios\}, C. and L. Adamczyk and Addepalli, \{S. V.\} and Addison, \{M. J.\} and J. Adelman and A. Adiguzel and T. Adye and Affolder, \{A. A.\} and Y. Afik and Agaras, \{M. N.\} and A. Aggarwal and C. Agheorghiesei and A. Ahmad and F. Ahmadov and S. Ahuja and S. Ahuja and X. Ai and G. Aielli and A. Aikot and \{Ait Tamlihat\}, M. and {\AA}kesson, \{T. P.A.\} and D. Akiyama and Akolkar, \{N. N.\} and S. Aktas and Alberghi, \{G. L.\} and J. Albert and U. Alberti and P. Albicocco and S. Alderweireldt and Alegria, \{Z. L.\} and M. Aleksa and Aleksandrov, \{I. N.\} and C. Alexa and T. Alexopoulos and F. Alfonsi and M. Algren and L. Heinrich",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2026 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Sissa Medialab. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.",

year = "2026",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1088/1748-0221/21/07/P07048",

language = "English",

volume = "21",

journal = "Journal of Instrumentation",

issn = "1748-0221",

publisher = "Institute of Physics",

number = "7",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Study of particle fluence effects on collected charge and depletion voltage of the ATLAS IBL planar pixel sensors

AU - The ATLAS collaboration

AU - Aad, G.

AU - Aakvaag, E.

AU - Abbott, B.

AU - Abdelhameed, S.

AU - Abeling, K.

AU - Abicht, N. J.

AU - Abidi, S. H.

AU - Aboelela, M.

AU - Aboulhorma, A.

AU - Abramowicz, H.

AU - Acharya, B. S.

AU - Ackermann, A.

AU - Ackerschott, J.

AU - Adam Bourdarios, C.

AU - Adamczyk, L.

AU - Addepalli, S. V.

AU - Addison, M. J.

AU - Adelman, J.

AU - Adiguzel, A.

AU - Adye, T.

AU - Affolder, A. A.

AU - Afik, Y.

AU - Agaras, M. N.

AU - Aggarwal, A.

AU - Agheorghiesei, C.

AU - Ahmad, A.

AU - Ahmadov, F.

AU - Ahuja, S.

AU - Ai, X.

AU - Aielli, G.

AU - Aikot, A.

AU - Ait Tamlihat, M.

AU - Åkesson, T. P.A.

AU - Akiyama, D.

AU - Akolkar, N. N.

AU - Aktas, S.

AU - Alberghi, G. L.

AU - Albert, J.

AU - Alberti, U.

AU - Albicocco, P.

AU - Alderweireldt, S.

AU - Alegria, Z. L.

AU - Aleksa, M.

AU - Aleksandrov, I. N.

AU - Alexa, C.

AU - Alexopoulos, T.

AU - Alfonsi, F.

AU - Algren, M.

AU - Heinrich, L.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2026 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Sissa Medialab. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

PY - 2026/7

Y1 - 2026/7

N2 - After ten years of operation at the LHC, the planar pixel sensors of the innermost barrel layer of the ATLAS Pixel detector have accumulated an average bulk damage fluence in excess of 2×1015 1 MeV-neutrons equivalent/cm2. The macroscopic effects of this radiation are an increase of the sensor leakage current, a loss of charge collection efficiency and an increase of the depletion voltage. Using regular bias voltage scans performed at the beginning and end of each data taking campaign the evolution of the pixel cluster charge and bulk depletion is studied as a function of particle fluence. Results are interpreted with the modelling provided by standalone TCAD and ATLAS Monte Carlo simulation including radiation damage effects. The dependence of the collected charge and the depletion voltage with integrated luminosity are studied through the full period of operation.

AB - After ten years of operation at the LHC, the planar pixel sensors of the innermost barrel layer of the ATLAS Pixel detector have accumulated an average bulk damage fluence in excess of 2×1015 1 MeV-neutrons equivalent/cm2. The macroscopic effects of this radiation are an increase of the sensor leakage current, a loss of charge collection efficiency and an increase of the depletion voltage. Using regular bias voltage scans performed at the beginning and end of each data taking campaign the evolution of the pixel cluster charge and bulk depletion is studied as a function of particle fluence. Results are interpreted with the modelling provided by standalone TCAD and ATLAS Monte Carlo simulation including radiation damage effects. The dependence of the collected charge and the depletion voltage with integrated luminosity are studied through the full period of operation.

KW - Particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors)

KW - Si microstrip and pad detectors

KW - Solid state detectors

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105046004276

U2 - 10.1088/1748-0221/21/07/P07048

DO - 10.1088/1748-0221/21/07/P07048

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105046004276

SN - 1748-0221

VL - 21

JO - Journal of Instrumentation

JF - Journal of Instrumentation

IS - 7

M1 - P07048

ER -

Study of particle fluence effects on collected charge and depletion voltage of the ATLAS IBL planar pixel sensors

Abstract

Keywords

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