Stronger together: Aggregated z-values of traditional quality control measurements and patient medians improve detection of biases

BACKGROUND: In clinical chemistry, quality control (QC) often relies on measurements of control samples, but limitations, such as a lack of commutability, compromise the ability of such measurements to detect out-of-control situations. Medians of patient results have also been used forQC purposes, but it may be difficult to distinguish changes observed in the patient population from analytical errors. This study aims to combine traditional control measurements and patient medians for facilitating detection of biases. METHODS: The software package "rSimLab" was developed to simulate measurements of 5 analytes. Internal QC measurements and patient medians were assessed for detecting impermissible biases. Various control rules combined these parameters. A Westgard-like algorithm was evaluated and new rules that aggregate Z-values ofQCparameters were proposed. RESULTS: Mathematical approximations estimated the required sample size for calculating meaningful patient medians. The appropriate number was highly dependent on the ratio of the spread of sample values to their center. Instead of applying a threshold to each QC parameter separately like the Westgard algorithm, the proposed aggregation of Z-values averaged these parameters. This behavior was found beneficial, as a bias could affect QC parameters unequally, resulting in differences between their Z-transformed values. In our simulations, control rules tended to outperform the simple QC parameters they combined. The inclusion of patient medians substantially improved bias detection for some analytes. CONCLUSIONS: Patient result medians can supplement traditional QC, and aggregations of Z-values are noveland beneficial tools for QC strategies to detect biases.