Stratégies de réparation en orthopédie à l'aide des cellules souches épithéliales et mésenchymateuses

In trauma and orthopedics, bone fractures are common. Mostly, they are able to heal well. However, in certain circumstances, they show delayed or no healing. For such instances, tissue engineering and regenerative measures are necessary. Cells, scaffolds, and growth factors are three important ingredients for tissue engineering. This review deals mainly with the cell sources. Most appreciable are stem cells, because they are abundantly available and able to differentiate in different cell types, such as osteoblasts and chondrocytes. At the start of tissue engineering, mainly bone marrow stroma cells were used. However, the collection procedure has a high morbidity. Therefore, alternatives are sought. Adipose derived stem cells could be easily obtained. Moreover, cells from amniotic membrane are also very valuable both for epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells, that also express embryonic markers. Moreover, stem cells from these sources show immunomodulative properties such that they can be transplanted perhaps in an allograft way. Differentiation of the cells can be achieved by humoral factors or by mechanical strain. Such differentiated cells have been tested in animal models. Some studies exist, where bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have been used with success in patients. Thus, several interesting sources for stem cells exist and are promising. adipose-derived stem cell, amniotic membrane, osteogenesis, immune modulation.