Simulation of coaxial time-of-flight measurements using SiPM as detector

Modern LiDAR sensors find increasing use in safety–critical applications. Therefore, highly accurate modeling of the system's behavior under demanding environmental conditions is necessary. In this paper, we present a modular structure to accurately simulate the amplified raw detector signal of a direct time-of-flight LiDAR system for coaxial transmitter–receiver optics using a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) as a detector. The SiPM causes strong non-linearities of the response due to its response to subsequent light pulses. To verify the model's predictions, single-point measurements for targets of different reflectivity at defined distances were performed. Statistical analysis shows an R-squared value greater than 0.990 for simulated and measured signal amplitude levels. Noise modeling shows good accordance with the performed measurements for different target irradiance levels. The presented results have a guiding significance in the modeling of the complex signal processing chain of LiDAR systems based on SiPM detectors, as it enables the prediction of key parameters of the system early in the development process. Hence, unnecessary costs by design flaws can be mitigated.