Relative developmental toxicity of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and might cause adverse environmental and human health effects. Little is known about the relative toxicity of different SCCP compounds especially during development. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare effects of seven SCCP groups at environmentally relevant levels, using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Observations on malformation, survival rates at 96 h post fertilization (hpf), and hatching rates at 72 hpf indicated that the C_10- groups (C₁₀H₁₈Cl₄, 1,2,5,6,9,10-C₁₀H₁₆Cl₆ and C₁₀H₁₅Cl₇) were more toxic than the C_12- groups (C₁₂H₂₂Cl₄, C₁₂H₁₉Cl₇ and 1,1,1,3,10,12,12,12-C₁₂H₁₈Cl₈) and Cereclor 63L. The C_10- groups were also more potent than C_12- groups and Cereclor 63L in decreasing thyroid hormone levels. Among the three compounds within the C_10- group, the compounds with less chlorine content had stronger effects on sub-lethal malformations but less effects on triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). Only C₁₀H₁₈Cl₄ significantly decreased the mRNA expression of tyr, ttr, dio2 and dio3 at a dose-dependent manner suggesting that the specific mode of actions differ with different congeners. The mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by different SCCPs could be different. C₁₀H₁₈Cl₄ might inhibit T3 production through the inhibition effect on dio2. These results indicate that SCCP exposure could alter gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and thyroid hormone levels. The mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by different SCCPs could be different. Our results on the relative developmental toxicities of SCCPs will be useful to reach a better understanding of SCCP toxicity supporting environmental risk evaluation and regulation and used as a guidance for environmental monitoring of SCCPs in the future.