@article{6bbc7053bf754f9392cfa3d144bf6c48,
title = "Relationship between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and maternal enterovirus antibodies: Time trends and geographical variation",
abstract = "Aims/hypothesis: We have previously observed an inverse correlation between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and enterovirus infections in the background population. The aim of this study was to analyse whether maternal enterovirus antibody status, which reflects both the frequency of enterovirus infections and the protection conferred by the mother on the offspring, also correlates with the incidence of type 1 diabetes. Methods: Maternal enterovirus antibodies were analysed from serum samples taken from pregnant women between 1983 and 2001 in Finland and Sweden using enzyme immunoassay and neutralisation assays. Comparable samples were also taken between 1999 and 2001 in countries with a lower incidence of diabetes (Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Lithuania, Russia). Results: A clear decrease was observed in maternal enterovirus antibody levels over the past 20 years (p<0.0001). The frequency of enterovirus antibodies was higher in countries with a low or intermediate incidence of type 1 diabetes compared with high-incidence countries (p<0.0001). Conclusions/interpretation: These findings are in line with our previous observations supporting the hypothesis that a low frequency of enterovirus infection in the background population increases the susceptibility of young children to the diabetogenic effect of enteroviruses.",
keywords = "EIA, Enterovirus, Environment, Immunity, Maternal antibody, Neutralisation assay, Population, Type 1 diabetes",
author = "H. Viskari and J. Ludvigsson and R. Uibo and L. Salur and D. Marciulionyte and R. Hermann and G. Soltesz and M. F{\"u}chtenbusch and Ziegler, {A. G.} and A. Kondrashova and A. Romanov and B. Kaplan and Z. Laron and P. Koskela and T. Vesikari and H. Huhtala and M. Knip and H. Hy{\"o}ty",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements This study was based on the EPIVIR project, supported by the EU as a part of the INCO-Copernicus programme (contract number IC15-CT98-0316), JDF-Wallenberg Foundation (k98-99JD-12813-01A, No 1997-73), the Swedish Medical Research Council (k99-72X-11242-05A), the Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation and the Estonian Science Foundation (grant 4631). The study was also supported by P{\"a}ivikki and Sakari Sohlberg{\textquoteright}s Foundation and the Academy of Finland. We are grateful to Eeva Jokela, Mervi Kek{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Maarit Takalo, Katri Koivum{\"a}ki and Inkeri Lehtim{\"a}ki for technical assistance, and to Dr Sandra Schmid and the staff members in all countries for sample collection. The EPIVIR study group includes the following investigators: H. Hy{\"o}ty (coordinator), M. Knip, H. Viskari, University of Tampere, Finland; J. Ilonen, University of Turku, Finland; A. Reunanen, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; R. Uibo (scientific coordinator), L. Salur, University of Tartu, Estonia; J. Ludvigsson, University of Link{\"o}-ping, Sweden; D. Marciulionyte, Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania; R. Hermann, G. Soltesz, University of P{\'e}cs, Hungary; M. F{\"u}chtenbusch, A. Ziegler, Munich, Germany; A. Kondrashova, A. Romanov, University of Petrozavodsk, Russia. Z. Laron is director of the WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Diabetes in Youth, Israel.",
year = "2005",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1007/s00125-005-1780-9",
language = "English",
volume = "48",
pages = "1280--1287",
journal = "Diabetologia",
issn = "0012-186X",
publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH",
number = "7",
}
