Photoperiodicity and circannual levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone in normal and castrated male, white-tailed deer

To establish the relation between photoperiodicity and the levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone (T) in plasma, three intact and three castrated adult male white-tailed deer were sampled once a month for 2-3 years. The range of average LH levels in controls varied between 0.8 and 2.0 ng/mL; the levels in castrates were considerably higher, 3.4 to 8.9 ng/mL. Average levels of FSH varied in controls between 25 and 112 ng/mL and in castrates between 141 and 240 ng/mL. A significant correlation between the seasonal time course of LH and FSH was found in castrated, but not in intact bucks. In castrates both gonadotropins exhibit two major elevations coinciding with spring and fall equinoxes in March and September. The seasonal time course of FSH in castrates correlates highly with seasonal levels of FSH in controls. However, the time course of the LH curve in controls is substantially different from the curve in castrates, presumably owing to feedback mechanisms. A possible role of testicular estradiol in this feedback is discussed. In controls, peak T levels are reached in December, i.e., 3 months after maximum levels of FSH and 5 months after peak levels of LH were detected. It appears that male deer undergo two periods of reproductive stimulation (one in the spring, the other in the fall). However, the organism responds with the full range of gonadal and behavioral mechanisms leading to the initiation of the rut only during the fall.