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Overview of the first Wendelstein 7-X long pulse campaign with fully water-cooled plasma facing components

  • O. Grulke
  • , C. Albert
  • , J. A.Alcuson Belloso
  • , P. Aleynikov
  • , K. Aleynikova
  • , A. Alonso
  • , G. Anda
  • , T. Andreeva
  • , M. Arvanitou
  • , E. Ascasibar
  • , E. Aymerich
  • , K. Avramidis
  • , J. P. Bähner
  • , S. G. Baek
  • , M. Balden
  • , J. Baldzuhn
  • , S. Ballinger
  • , M. Banduch
  • , S. Bannmann
  • , A. Bañón Navarro
  • L. Baylor, C. D. Beidler, M. Beurskens, C. Biedermann, G. Birkenmeier, T. Bluhm, D. Boeckenhoff, D. Boeyaert, D. Bold, M. Borchardt, D. Borodin, H. S. Bosch, H. Bouvain, S. Bozhenkov, T. Bräuer, H. Braune, C. Brandt, S. Brezinsek, K. J. Brunner, C. Büschel, R. Bussiahn, A. Buzás, B. Buttenschoen, V. Bykov, I. Calvo, A. Cappa, F. Carovani, D. Carralero, A. Carls, B. Carvalho, D. Castaño-Bardawil, N. Chaudhary, I. Chelis, S. Chen, D. Cipciar, J. W. Coenen, G. Conway, M. Cornelissen, Y. Corre, P. Costello, K. Crombe, G. Cseh, B. Csillag, H. I.Cu Castillo, G. Czymek, H. Damm, R. J. Davies, C. Day, S. Degenkolbe, R. De Wolf, W. Dekeyser, A. Demby, P. Despontin, C. P. Dhard, A. Dinklage, F. A. d’Isa, T. Dittmar, M. Dreval, M. Drevlak, P. Drews, J. Droste, D. Dunai, C. Dyhring, P. van Eeten, E. Edlund, M. Endler, D. A. Ennis, F. J. Escoto, M. S. Espinosa, T. Estrada, D. Fehling, L. Feuerstein, J. Fellinger, Y. Feng, D. L.C. Fernando, S. Fischer, E. R. Flom, O. Ford, T. Fornal, J. Frank, H. Frerichs, G. Fuchert, G. Gantenbein, Y. Gao, K. Garcia, I. García-Cortés, J. M. García-Regaña, B. Geiger, J. Geiger, P. Geissler, M. Gerard, G. Godino-Sedano, T. Gonda, A. González, A. Goriaev, D. Gradic, M. Grahl, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, M. Gruca, J. F.Guerrero Arnaiz, V. Haak, L. van Ham, K. Hammond, B. Hamstra, X. Han, S. K. Hansen, J. Harris, D. Hartmann, D. Hathiramani, S. Hegedus, S. Heinrich, P. Helander, F. Henke, S. Henneberg, L. Henschke, M. Hirsch, U. Hoefel, K. Hoefler, S. Hoermann, K. P. Hollfeld, A. Holtz, D. Höschen, M. Houry, J. Huang, J. Huang, M. Hubeny, K. Hunger, D. Hwangbo, K. Ida, Y. Igitkhanov, S. Illy, Z. Ioannidis, M. Jablczynska, S. Jablonski, B. Jabłoński, B. Jagielski, M. Jakubowski, J. Jelonnek, F. Jenko, J. Jin, A. Johansson, G. Jouniaux, S. Kajita, J. P. Kallmeyer, U. Kamionka, W. Kasparek, C. Kawan, Ye O. Kazakov, N. Kenmochi, W. Kernbichler, A. K. Kharwandikar, M. Khokhlov, C. Killer, A. Kirschner, R. Kleiber, C. C. Klepper, T. Klinger, J. Knauer, A. Knieps, M. Kobayashi, G. Kocsis, Y. Kolesnichenko, A. Könies, J. Kontula, P. Kornejew, S. A. Korteweg, J. Koschinsky, J. Koster, Y. Kovtun, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, T. Kremeyer, L. Krier, D. M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, M. D. Kuczyński, D. Kulla, A. Kumar, T. Kurki-Suonio, I. Kuzmych, S. Kwak, V. Lancelotti, A. Langenberg, H. Laqua, H. P. Laqua, M. R. Larsen, S. Lazerson, C. Lechte, B. Lee, A. LeViness, M. Lewerentz, Y. Liang, L. Liao, A. Litnovsky, J. Liu, J. Loizu, R. Lopez-Cansino, L. D.Lopez Rodriguez, A. Lorenz, R. Lunsford, Y. Luo, V. Lutsenko, N. Maaziz, M. Machielsen, R. Mackenbach, D. Makowski, E. Maragkoudakis, O. Marchuk, M. Markl, S. Marsen, J. Martínez, N. Marushchenko, S. Masuzaki, D. A. Maurer, M. Mayer, K. J. McCarthy, P. McNeely, D. Medina Roque, J. Meineke, S. Meitner, S. vaz Mendes, A. Menzel-Barbara, B. van Milligen, A. Mishchenko, V. Moiseenko, A. Möller, S. Möller, D. Moseev, G. Motojima, S. Mulas, P. Mulholland, M. Nagel, D. Nagy, Y. Narbutt, D. Naujoks, P. Nelde, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, U. Neuner, D. Nicolai, S. Nielsen, C. Nührenberg, R. Ochoukov, G. Offermanns, J. Ongena, J. W. Oosterbeek, M. Otte, N. Pablant, N. Panadero Alvarez, A. Pandey, G. Partesotti, E. A. Pasch, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, T. S. Pedersen, V. Perseo, B. Peterson, F. Pisano, B. Plaum, G. Plunk, L. Podavini, N. S. Polei, P. Poloskei, S. Ponomarenko, P. Pons-Villalonga, M. Porkolab, J. Proll, M. J. Pueschel, A. Puig Sitjes, R. Ragona, K. Rahbarnia, M. Rasiński, J. Rasmussen, D. Refy, F. Reimold, M. Richou, J. S. Riemann, K. Riße, J. de la Riva Villén, G. Roberg-Clark, E. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, J. Romazanov, T. Romba, D. Rondeshagen, M. Rud, T. Ruess, T. Rummel, A. Runov, C. Ruset, N. Rust, L. Ryc, T. Rzesnicki, M. Salewski, E. Sánchez, L. Sanchis Sanchez, G. Satheeswaran, J. Schacht, E. Scharff, J. Schilling, G. Schlisio, K. Schmid, J. C. Schmitt, O. Schmitz, M. Schneider, M. Van Schoor, T. Schröder, R. Schroeder, B. Schweer, S. Sereda, B. Shanahan, G. Sias, S. Simko, L. Singh, Y. Siusko, C. Slaby, M. Sleczka, B. S. Smith, D. R. Smith, H. Smith, M. Spolaore, A. Spring, T. Stange, A. von Stechow, I. Stepanov, M. Stern, U. Stroth, Y. Suzuki, C. Swee, L. Syrocki, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, R. Takacs, H. Takahashi, N. Tamura, C. Tantos, J. Terry, S. Thiede, H. Thienpondt, H. Thomsen, M. Thumm, T. Thun, S. Togo, T. Tork, H. Trimino Mora, A. Tsikouras, Y. Turkin, L. Vano, S. Varoutis, M. Vecsei, J. L. Velasco, M. Verstraeten, M. Vervier, E. Viezzer, J. Wagner, E. Wang, F. Wang, M. Wappl, F. Warmer, T. Wegner, Y. Wei, G. Weir, N. Wendler, U. Wenzel, A. White, F. Wilms, T. Windisch, A. Winter, V. Winters, R. Wolf, G. Wurden, P. Xanthopoulos, H. M. Xiang, S. Xu, H. Yamada, J. Yang, R. Yi, M. Yokoyama, B. Zamorski, M. Zanini, M. Zarnstorff, D. Zhang, S. Zhou, J. Zhu, J. Zimmermann, A. Zocco, S. Zoletnik
  • Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
  • Technical University of Denmark
  • Graz University of Technology (TU Graz)
  • CIEMAT Energy Department
  • Center for Energy Research
  • Technische Universität Berlin
  • University of Cagliari
  • University of Athens
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Oak Ridge National Laboratory
  • University of Wisconsin-Madison
  • Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ)
  • Heinrich-Heine-University
  • Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear
  • LPP-ERM/KMS
  • Eindhoven University of Technology
  • IRFM, CEA
  • Ghent University
  • Humanoid Technologies Lab (H2T)
  • Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
  • Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald
  • C.R.ENEA
  • Institute of Plasma Physics, Kharkov
  • SUNY Cortland
  • Auburn University
  • Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion
  • National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics
  • Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
  • Technical University of Munich
  • Tsukuba University
  • National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Institute for Fusion Science
  • Lodz University of Technology
  • University of Tokyo
  • Universität Stuttgart
  • Institute for Nuclear Research
  • Helsinki University of Technology
  • University of Opole
  • Australian Natl Univ
  • V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
  • National Research Nuclear University MEPhI
  • EPFL
  • University of Seville
  • Uppsala University
  • Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research
  • University of Szczecin
  • Consorzio Rfx
  • Hiroshima University
  • Tohoku University
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

30 Scopus citations

Abstract

After a long device enhancement phase, scientific operation resumed in 2022. The main new device components are the water cooling of all plasma facing components and the new water-cooled high heat flux divertor units. Water cooling allowed for the first long-pulse operation campaign. A maximum discharge length of 8 min was achieved with a total heating energy of 1.3 GJ. Safe divertor operation was demonstrated in attached and detached mode. Stable detachment is readily achieved in some magnetic configurations but requires impurity seeding in configurations with small magnetic pitch angle within the edge islands. Progress was made in the characterization of transport mechanisms across edge magnetic islands: Measurement of the potential distribution and flow pattern reveals that the islands are associated with a strong poloidal drift, which leads to rapid convection of energy and particles from the last closed flux surface into the scrape-off layer. Using the upgraded plasma heating systems, advanced heating scenarios were developed, which provide improved energy confinement comparable to the scenario, in which the record triple product for stellarators was achieved in the previous operation campaign. However, a magnetic configuration-dependent critical heating power limit of the electron cyclotron resonance heating was observed. Exceeding the respective power limit leads to a degradation of the confinement.

Original languageEnglish
Article number112002
JournalNuclear Fusion
Volume64
Issue number11
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 2024

Keywords

  • divertor detachment
  • long-pulse operation
  • magnetic fusion confinement
  • stellarator

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