Morphological changes of silicon nanoparticles and the influence of cutoff potentials in silicon-graphite electrodes

Silicon-graphite electrodes usually exhibit improved cycling stability when limiting the capacity exchanged by the silicon particles per cycle. Yet, the influence of the upper and the lower cutoff potential was repeatedly shown to differ significantly. In the present study, we address this discrepancy by investigating two distinct degradation phenomena occurring in silicon-graphite electrodes, namely (i) the roughening of the silicon particles upon repeated (de-)lithiation which leads to increased irreversible capacity losses, and (ii) the decay in the reversible capacity which mainly originates from increased electronic interparticle resistances between the silicon particles. First, we investigate the cycling stability and polarization of the silicon-graphite electrodes in dependence on different cutoff potentials using pseudo full-cells with capacitively oversized LiFePO ₄ cathodes. Further, we characterize postmortem the morphological changes of the silicon nanoparticles by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) as a function of the cycle number. To evaluate the degradation of the entire electrode coating, we finally complement our investigation by impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a gold-wire micro-reference electrode and post-mortem analyses of the electrode structure and coating thickness by cross-sectional SEM.