@article{1d82e822e71b463590e7e71590292013,
title = "Microwaves in Europe",
abstract = "An overview of microwave activities and infrastructures in Europe is presented. The material is organized in 17 sections, each devoted to a country or group of countries and prepared by an internationally renowned microwave expert. In general, each section contains some history of microwaves in the region, and highlights some microwave activities in association with research centers, laboratories and institutions, industry, education, and national conferences.",
keywords = "Austria, Balkan, Baltic, Belgium, Czech, Denmark, Europe, Finland, France, Germany, H ungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Microwave industry, Microwave professional societies, Microwave research, Microwave technology, Microwaves, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, U.K.",
author = "Roberto Sorrentino and Terry Oxley and Georges Salmer and {Vander Vorst}, Andr{\'e} and Ligthart, {Leo P.} and Peter Russer and Giorgio Gerosa and G. Pelosi and {Bach Andersen}, J{\o}rgen and R{\"a}is{\"a}nen, {Antii V.} and Erik Kollberg and Jozef Modelski and Vendik, {Orest G.} and Vendik, {Irina B.} and Tibor Berceli and Magdalena Salazar-Palma and Freire, {Joao Costa} and Nikolaos Uzunoglu and Asher Madjar",
note = "Funding Information: Microwave theory and techniques and related topics are taught in schools for telecommunication engineering and faculties of physics of a large number of universities. The central (Ministry of Sciences and Technology, its Center for Technological Development of Industries, and the Ministries of Defense and Education) and regional governments fund education and research, both directly and through grant schemes. The European Union (EU) supports a wide variety of programs, from medium-size projects to macro-projects (e.g., EUROFIGHTER 2000), as well as networks of excellence and researchers and students mobility. ESA and other European institutions have also funded projects. Most university groups have contracts with national industries and service companies. Funding Information: German universities are strongly involved in research activities, generally supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft (DFG), which may be translated as the German Research Council; the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Technology; the German state ministries; or by European research funding. The DFG is the central organization to support research projects in German universities and public research institutes. Joint research projects between university institutes and industry and the cooperation with other research institutes play an important role. Many universities have established technology transfer initiatives and support spinoff initiatives of scientists. Funding Information: In Germany the Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), i.e., the Federal Ministry for Education and Research, funds research projects at industry, research institutes, and universities. Under a priority scheme, the present programs dealing with microwave topics include mobile communication systems, innovative optical communication networks, and new areas of technology. The DFG, i.e., German Research Council, is the central organization to support research projects in German universities and public research institutes. Funding Information: At German universities, the area of microwaves is mainly covered under high-frequency engineering (i.e., hochfrequen-ztechnik) within electrical engineering departments. German universities, with minor exceptions, are state universities. The main financial basis of state universities is the budget supplied from the state, supplemented by federal and state funding of research projects and by revenues from industrial research cooperation and industrial sponsorship. Tuition fees are not required at German universities. Full professors usually have held senior positions in industrial R&D before moving to the university. Funding Information: It is worth emphasizing that from the very beginning until today, microwave developments in Poland have been based on national research. The aforementioned institutes have been supported by the academia, mainly by microwave departments within four universities, i.e., Warsaw University of Technology, Technical University of Gdansk, Wroclaw University of Technology, and Military University of Technology. They have elaborated a vast original scientific knowledge on a variety of topics, from electromagnetic field theory and circuit theory, through analytical and numerical methods of circuit and field analysis, up to the linear and nonlinear circuit design and measurements. The universities have educated future microwave engineers and entrepreneurs, many of whom have later become internationally known.",
year = "2002",
month = mar,
doi = "10.1109/22.989994",
language = "English",
volume = "50",
pages = "1056--1072",
journal = "IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques",
issn = "0018-9480",
publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
number = "3",
}