TY - GEN
T1 - Memory Utilization-Based Dynamic Bandwidth Regulation for Temporal Isolation in Multi-Cores
AU - Saeed, Ahsan
AU - Dasari, Dakshina
AU - Ziegenbein, Dirk
AU - Rajasekaran, Varun
AU - Rehm, Falk
AU - Pressler, Michael
AU - Hamann, Arne
AU - Mueller-Gritschneder, Daniel
AU - Gerstlauer, Andreas
AU - Schlichtmann, Ulf
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 IEEE.
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Temporal isolation is one of the key challenges for co-running mixed-criticality applications on Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) multi-core platforms. In particular, the main memory subsystem is one of the most prominent causes of interference and loss of isolation. Existing mechanisms for memory bandwidth regulation are limited to conservative bandwidth reservation, use pessimistic worst-case execution time (WCET) estimations or require dedicated hardware that is not feasible in COTS multi-core platforms.In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism for memory interference control that uses feedback-based control to dynamically regulate memory accesses of individual cores in a multicore platform. Our mechanism directly regulates the source of interference by leveraging information about memory utilization, acquired from existing hardware performance counters provided by modern COTS-based memory controllers. The proposed solution is implemented on Linux as a loadable kernel module. The results of evaluating our approach with real and synthetic benchmarks on a COTS multi-core (NXP S32V234) platform demonstrate that it is able to provide temporal isolation with up to 4x and 2x more overall throughput for non-real-time applications compared to static and dynamic memory bandwidth-based regulation approaches, respectively, while maintaining guarantees for applications running on the real-time core.
AB - Temporal isolation is one of the key challenges for co-running mixed-criticality applications on Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) multi-core platforms. In particular, the main memory subsystem is one of the most prominent causes of interference and loss of isolation. Existing mechanisms for memory bandwidth regulation are limited to conservative bandwidth reservation, use pessimistic worst-case execution time (WCET) estimations or require dedicated hardware that is not feasible in COTS multi-core platforms.In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism for memory interference control that uses feedback-based control to dynamically regulate memory accesses of individual cores in a multicore platform. Our mechanism directly regulates the source of interference by leveraging information about memory utilization, acquired from existing hardware performance counters provided by modern COTS-based memory controllers. The proposed solution is implemented on Linux as a loadable kernel module. The results of evaluating our approach with real and synthetic benchmarks on a COTS multi-core (NXP S32V234) platform demonstrate that it is able to provide temporal isolation with up to 4x and 2x more overall throughput for non-real-time applications compared to static and dynamic memory bandwidth-based regulation approaches, respectively, while maintaining guarantees for applications running on the real-time core.
KW - feedback control
KW - memory bandwidth regulation
KW - multi-core
KW - real-time system
KW - temporal isolation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85133703029&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/RTAS54340.2022.00019
DO - 10.1109/RTAS54340.2022.00019
M3 - Conference contribution
AN - SCOPUS:85133703029
T3 - Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, RTAS
SP - 133
EP - 145
BT - Proceedings - 28th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, RTAS 2022
PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
T2 - 28th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, RTAS 2022
Y2 - 4 May 2022 through 6 May 2022
ER -