Mapping the spatial distribution of NO2 with in situ and remote sensing instruments during the Munich NO2 imaging campaign

We present results from the Munich Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Imaging Campaign (MuNIC), where NO2 near-surface concentrations (NSCs) and vertical column densities (VCDs) were measured with stationary, mobile, and airborne in situ and remote sensing instruments in Munich, Germany. The most intensive day of the campaign was 7 July 2016, when the NO2 VCD field was mapped with the Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) imaging spectrometer. The spatial distribution of APEX VCDs was rather smooth, with a horizontal gradient between lower values upwind and higher values downwind of the city center. The NO2 map had no pronounced source signatures except for the plumes of two combined heat and power (CHP) plants. The APEX VCDs have a fair correlation with mobile multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations from two vehicles conducted on the same afternoon (rCombining double low line0.55). In contrast to the VCDs, mobile NSC measurements revealed high spatial and temporal variability along the roads, with the highest values in congested areas and tunnels. The NOx emissions of the two CHP plants were estimated from the APEX observations using a mass-balance approach. The NOx emission estimates are consistent with CO2 emissions determined from two ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) instruments operated near one CHP plant. The estimates are higher than the reported emissions but are probably overestimated because the uncertainties are large, as conditions were unstable and convective with low and highly variable wind speeds. Under such conditions, the application of mass-balance approaches is problematic because they assume steady-state conditions. We conclude that airborne imaging spectrometers are well suited for mapping the spatial distribution of NO2 VCDs over large areas. The emission plumes of point sources can be detected in the APEX observations, but accurate flow fields are essential for estimating emissions with sufficient accuracy. The application of airborne imaging spectrometers for studying NSCs is less straightforward and requires us to account for the non-trivial relationship between VCDs and NSCs.