@article{3d4aed9ec8d84133bae8986ef6a25150,
title = "Manipulating genetic material",
abstract = "Combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and laser-based microscopy techniques, like cutting, gripping, and extracting at the submicron scale under high-resolution image control and their potential applications in cytogenetics are demonstrated. Metaphase chromosomes imaged by AFM have revealed structures similar to those reported in light and electron microscopy. The AFM can also image genetic material in liquids. The AFM is able to operate in liquids and perform local measurements on any point of the sample surface. The AFM can not be used for high resolution imaging of surface topography of genetic material, but also is a perfect tool on nanometer scale.",
author = "Stefan Thalhammer and Heckl, {Wolfgang M.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank U. K{\"o}hler (MGZ Munich), J. Geigl and S. Langer (TU Munich), and L. Costa and H. Meimberg (LMU Munich) for cooperation. Valuable contributions by G. Wanner, H. Lorenz (LMU Munich), P. Gobbi (Uribino, Italy), and G. Teti, M. Falconi, and G. Mazzotti (Bologna, Italy) concerning electron microscopy studies are recognized. This work was supported by a Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) SFB 486 grant. CBG bands C bands are obtained by using Ba(OH) and Giemsa staining. The C-banding technique produces selective staining of constitutive heterochromatin. These bands are located mostly at the centromeric regions of chromosomes, hence the term C bands. FISH Fluorescence in situ hybridization. A technique whereby small lengths of DNA (probes), which {\textquoteleft}recognize{\textquoteright} complementary DNA on particular chromosomes or parts of chromosomes, are labeled with a colored fluorescent dye and then used to highlight {\textquoteleft}target{\textquoteright} DNA in chromosomes. This technique vividly paints chromosomes or portions of chromosomes. GTG bands G bands are obtained by digesting the chromosome with proteolytic enzyme trypsin then Giemsa staining, giving a chromosome-specific banding pattern of light and dark (positive and negative) bands. ",
year = "2005",
month = may,
doi = "10.1016/S1369-7021(05)00894-1",
language = "English",
volume = "8",
pages = "40--49",
journal = "Materials Today",
issn = "1369-7021",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
number = "5 SUPPL. 1",
}