Landing in Ski Jumping: A Review About its Biomechanics and the Connected Injuries

The present review deals with the current scientific knowledge related with ski jump landing. A specific focus is given on the landing biomechanics, the methods utilized for its analysis and the injuries connected to the landing phase. Despite the demonstrated importance for the safety and the performance of ski jumpers, the landing and its preparation are rarely investigated. In this paper, after having firstly described the execution of landing and its preparation and the reason why is important to analyze it, an overview of the current status of the research related to the landing biomechanics is reported (kinetics, kinematics, electromyographic activation, aerodynamics, computer simulation). The third part describes the methods and technologies utilized in literature to analyze the landing and its preparation (video cameras, inertial sensors, force insoles, wind tunnel and computer simulation). After that, an overview of the injuries related to landing is reported. The final section proposes future research in the field of biomechanics of ski jump landing in different fields, such as computer simulations, kinematic analysis, equipment development and biomechanics of female athletes.