TY - JOUR
T1 - Is Exercise a Match for Cold Exposure? Common Molecular Framework for Adipose Tissue Browning
AU - Martin, Alexandra R.
AU - Martin, Alexandra R.
AU - Chung, Soonkyu
AU - Koehler, Karsten
AU - Koehler, Karsten
AU - Koehler, Karsten
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Georg Thieme Verlag. All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/6/1
Y1 - 2020/6/1
N2 - Exercise is commonly utilized for weight loss, yet research has focused less on specific modifications to adipose tissue metabolism. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the storage form of fat, whereas brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic tissue whose uncoupling increases energy expenditure. The most established BAT activator is cold exposure, which also transforms WAT into beige cells that express uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Preliminary evidence in rodents suggests exercise elicits similar effects. The purpose of this review is to parallel and examine differences between exercise and cold exposure on BAT activation and beige induction. Like cold exposure, exercise stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and activates molecular pathways responsible for BAT/beige activation, including upregulation of BAT activation markers (UCP1, proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α) and stimulation of endocrine activators (fibroblast growth factor-21, irisin, and natriuretic peptides). Further, certain BAT activators are altered exclusively by exercise (interleukin-6, lactate). Markers of BAT activation increase from both cold exposure and exercise, whereas effects in WAT are compartment-specific. Stimulation of endocrine activators depends on numerous factors, including stimulus intensity and duration. Evidence of these analogous, albeit not mirrored, mechanisms is demonstrated by increases in adipose activity in rodents, while effects remain challenging to quantify in humans.
AB - Exercise is commonly utilized for weight loss, yet research has focused less on specific modifications to adipose tissue metabolism. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the storage form of fat, whereas brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic tissue whose uncoupling increases energy expenditure. The most established BAT activator is cold exposure, which also transforms WAT into beige cells that express uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Preliminary evidence in rodents suggests exercise elicits similar effects. The purpose of this review is to parallel and examine differences between exercise and cold exposure on BAT activation and beige induction. Like cold exposure, exercise stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and activates molecular pathways responsible for BAT/beige activation, including upregulation of BAT activation markers (UCP1, proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α) and stimulation of endocrine activators (fibroblast growth factor-21, irisin, and natriuretic peptides). Further, certain BAT activators are altered exclusively by exercise (interleukin-6, lactate). Markers of BAT activation increase from both cold exposure and exercise, whereas effects in WAT are compartment-specific. Stimulation of endocrine activators depends on numerous factors, including stimulus intensity and duration. Evidence of these analogous, albeit not mirrored, mechanisms is demonstrated by increases in adipose activity in rodents, while effects remain challenging to quantify in humans.
KW - BAT activators
KW - adipose tissue metabolism
KW - beige induction
KW - thermogenesis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85086683052&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1055/a-1100-7118
DO - 10.1055/a-1100-7118
M3 - Review article
C2 - 32252102
AN - SCOPUS:85086683052
SN - 0172-4622
VL - 41
SP - 427
EP - 442
JO - International Journal of Sports Medicine
JF - International Journal of Sports Medicine
IS - 7
ER -