Interfacial and bulk electrolyte properties in frozen electrolyte studies

The frozen electrolyte technique (FREECE technique) allows one to investigate double layer properties in liquid and frozen electrolytes and in a wide range of temperatures. The properties of a number of acid hydrates used as electrolytes that crystallize in a clathrate structure are described. The feasibility to also study photo-induced charge transfer reaction is shown. The double layer is characterized by a pronounced structuring of water molecules and ions which also applies to dilute aqueous electrolytes at high charge densities on the electrode.