TY - JOUR
T1 - Improving Driver Performance and Experience in Assisted and Automated Driving With Visual Cues in the Steering Wheel
AU - Diederichs, Frederik
AU - Muthumani, Arun
AU - Feierle, Alexander
AU - Galle, Melanie
AU - Mathis, Lesley Ann
AU - Bopp-Bertenbreiter, Valeria
AU - Widlroither, Harald
AU - Bengler, Klaus
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2000-2011 IEEE.
PY - 2022/5/1
Y1 - 2022/5/1
N2 - In automated driving it is important to ensure drivers' awareness of the currently active level of automation and to support transitions between those levels. This is possible with a suitable human-machine interface (HMI). In this driving simulator study, two visual HMI concepts (Concept A and B ) were compared with a baseline for informing drivers about three modes: manual driving, assisted driving, and automated driving. The HMIs, consisting of LED strips on the steering wheel that differed in luminance, color, and pattern, provided continuous information about the active mode and announced transitions. The assisted mode was conveyed in Concept A using a combination of amber and blue LEDs, while in Concept B only amber LEDs were used. During automated driving Concept A displayed blue LEDs and Concept B, turquoise. Both concepts were compared to a baseline HMI, with no LEDs. Thirty-eight drivers with driving licence were trained and participated. Objective measures (hands-on-wheel time, takeover time, and visual attention) are reported. Self-reported measures (mode awareness, trust, user experience, and user acceptance) from a previous publication are briefly repeated in this context (Muthumani et al.). Concept A showed 200 ms faster hands-on-wheel times than the baseline, while in Concept B several outliers were observed that prevented significance. The visual HMIs with LEDs did not influence the eyes-on-road time in any of the automation levels. Participants preferred Concept B, with more prominent differentiation between the automation levels, over Concept A.
AB - In automated driving it is important to ensure drivers' awareness of the currently active level of automation and to support transitions between those levels. This is possible with a suitable human-machine interface (HMI). In this driving simulator study, two visual HMI concepts (Concept A and B ) were compared with a baseline for informing drivers about three modes: manual driving, assisted driving, and automated driving. The HMIs, consisting of LED strips on the steering wheel that differed in luminance, color, and pattern, provided continuous information about the active mode and announced transitions. The assisted mode was conveyed in Concept A using a combination of amber and blue LEDs, while in Concept B only amber LEDs were used. During automated driving Concept A displayed blue LEDs and Concept B, turquoise. Both concepts were compared to a baseline HMI, with no LEDs. Thirty-eight drivers with driving licence were trained and participated. Objective measures (hands-on-wheel time, takeover time, and visual attention) are reported. Self-reported measures (mode awareness, trust, user experience, and user acceptance) from a previous publication are briefly repeated in this context (Muthumani et al.). Concept A showed 200 ms faster hands-on-wheel times than the baseline, while in Concept B several outliers were observed that prevented significance. The visual HMIs with LEDs did not influence the eyes-on-road time in any of the automation levels. Participants preferred Concept B, with more prominent differentiation between the automation levels, over Concept A.
KW - Automated driving
KW - human-machine interface
KW - mode awareness
KW - steering wheel
KW - takeover
KW - visual warning
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85128603486&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/TITS.2022.3162522
DO - 10.1109/TITS.2022.3162522
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85128603486
SN - 1524-9050
VL - 23
SP - 4843
EP - 4852
JO - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
JF - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
IS - 5
ER -