High cooperativity coupling between a phosphorus donor spin ensemble and a superconducting microwave resonator

We investigate the coupling of an ensemble of phosphorus donors in an isotopically purified ²⁸Si host lattice interacting with a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator. The microwave transmission spectrum of the resonator shows a normal mode splitting characteristic for high cooperativity. The evaluated collective coupling strength g eff is of the same order as the loss rate of the spin system γ, indicating the onset of strong coupling. We develop a statistical model to describe the influence of temperature on the coupling strength from 50 mK to 3.5 K and find a scaling of the coupling strength with the square root of the number of thermally polarized spins.