Häufig – häufig übersehen – immer bedeutsam: die Fetale Alkoholspektrumstörung (FASD)

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is caused by irreversible damage due to intrauterine alcohol exposure. Diagnostic criteria of the German S3 guideline include growth restrictions, facial anomalies, structural and functional abnormalities of the central nervous system (CNS) and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The CNS abnormalities present as various symptoms including but not limited to deficits in attention, executive function disorders, reduced learning and memorizing abilities and deficits in social skills. The prenatal damage and disturbance of the development of the child’s brain is irreversible, however functional therapeutical options are available and can effectively improve the affected neuropsychological functions and competencies of everyday life of children and adolescents with FASD. Commonly employed therapies include occupational, speech and psychotherapy. Neurocognitive and neurobehavioural interventions to improve emotional regulation, attention and behaviour are also effective. Psychoeducational programs are useful for children and their parents to better understand their illness, adjust expectations and thus improve social skills and interaction. The most frequently used drugs in children with FASD include stimulants, atypical neuroleptics and melatonin. An interdisciplinary networking between different professionals and the coordination of support for the families is essential for providing adequate care.