Gastrointestinal involvement in patients with diabetes mellitus: Part I (first of two parts) - Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical findings

In patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus disturbances of the gastrointestinal transit are well recognized. In decreasing order of frequency, transit disturbance through the colon, stomach, small intestine and esophagus as well as altered motility of the gallbladder occur. Acute changes of blood glucose concentrations have a major, however, reversible influence on motility in various parts of the intestinal tract. Long-term hyperglycemia may influence the incidence of gastrointestinal involvement via the occurrence of neuropathic changes of the autonomic nervous system. Early satiety, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, constipation, diarrhea and epigastric pain are often reported. These symptoms and recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia or prolonged hyperglycemia can result from intestinal transit disturbances.