Essentials of Cardiology

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect affecting approximately 1% of live births. Although CHD is the leading cause of neonatal mortality, advances over the last several decades including significant contributions related to anesthesia care, now allow for survival of most affected infants. The wide spectrum of congenital cardiovascular anomalies and the various types of acquired heart disease in the pediatric age group presents a challenge to the clinician who does not specialize in the care of these children. Even for those with a focus or interest in cardiovascular disease, the range of structural defects, myocardial disorders, and other conditions, and the varied associated hemodynamic perturbations can be overwhelming. The ability to provide optimal perioperative care to affected children heavily relies on a clear understanding of the basic pathophysiology of the congenital anomalies and acquired diseases, familiarity with the commonly used diagnostic modalities in cardiology and their clinical applications, and medical and surgical treatment options available to affected individuals. In this chapter, we present essential concepts in cardiology to enhance the overall knowledge of the practicing anesthesiologist in pediatric cardiovascular disease.