Entropy-Driven Disorder and Aliovalent Substitution Induce Defects in Na₃PnS₄(Pn = P, As, Sb) Solid-State Electrolytes: A Sluice Gate for Sodium Ions

Sodium-containing chalcogenides are attractive candidates for use as solid-state electrolytes; however, their ionic conductivities remain a challenge. Simultaneously applying isovalent and aliovalent substitution can enhance ionic conductivity by generating substantial site disorder and high vacancy concentrations. To elucidate the mechanism that facilitates sodium ion conduction, a series of mixed-pnicogen solid solutions were prepared from the parent ternary sulfides Na₃PnS₄(Pn = P, As, Sb) by high-temperature reactions, including an entropy-driven W-substituted phase, Na_3−δP_0.32As_0.32Sb_0.32W_0.04S₄(N-PASS-W). N-PASS-W exhibits a very high ionic conductivity of 10 mS cm^–1and a low activation energy of 0.15 eV. Using PXRD and NMR spectroscopy, an atomic-level model for N-PASS-W was proposed, in which ion hopping occurs over two Na sites within a tetragonal structure (P4̅2₁c). Relationships were also established between the structure and ionic conductivities of the other members to evaluate the influence of crystalline phase, cation size, and site disorder.