EMMPRIN (CD 147) is a central activator of extracellular matrix degradation by Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected monocytes. Implications for plaque rupture

Chlamydia (C.) pneumoniae are thought to infect monocytes and use them as vectors into the vessel wall, where they may accelerate atherosclerosis. We investigated the effects of C. pneumoniae on monocytic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation with focus on the role of the extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer EMMPRIN. Human monocytes or monocytic MonoMac6 cells were infected with C. pneumoniae. Infection enhanced mRNA-and surface expression of EMMPRIN and Membrane-type-I Matrix Metalloproteinase (MTI-MMP), plus the secretion of MMP-7, MMP-9 and the urokinase receptor (uPAR). Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 was identified to be partially responsible for EMMPRIN and MMP-9 induction, while C. trachomatis-infection had no stimulatory effect, indicating a C. pneumoniae-specific activation pathway. Suppression of EMMPRIN by gene silencing almost completely hindered the induction of MTI-MMP and MMP-9 by C. pneumoniae, suggesting a predominant regulatory role for EMMPRIN. Moreover, C. pneumoniae-infected monocytes exhibited increased MMP- and plasmin-dependent migration through "matrigel".Additionally, incubation of SMCs with supernatants of C. pneumoniae-infected monocytes induced MMP-2 activation, which was inhibited by ILI-Receptor antagonist or anti-IL-6-mAb, indicating paracrine intercellular activation pathways.In conclusion, C. pneumoniae induce MMP activity directly in monocytes through an EMMPRIN-dependent pathway and indirectly in SMCs via monocyte-derived cytokines.