Effects of the environmental estrogens bisphenol A, o, p′-DDT, p-tert-octylphenol and coumestrol on apoptosis induction, cell proliferation and the expression of estrogen sensitive molecular parameters in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7

In the presented study, we have analysed effects of the environmental estrogens bisphenol A (BPA), p-tert-octylphenol (OCT), o, p′-DDT (DDT) and coumestrol (COU) on cell proliferation, apoptosis induction, progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR) mRNA expression and ER α protein expression in comparison to estradiol (E2) and the selective ER modulator (SERM) raloxifene (RAL) and the pure antiestrogen faslodex (ICI 182780) in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. A dose dependent analysis of the cell cycle distribution of MCF-7 cells after administration of OCT, DDT and COU revealed a significant induction of cell proliferation and reduced rate of apoptosis. Maximum induction of cell proliferation and the lowest rate of apoptosis could be observed at a dose of 10^-6M. Interestingly, administration of BPA reduces the rate of apoptosis, but does not enhance proliferation at any dose analysed. PR mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells was up regulated after administration of COU and DDT, whereas treatment with BPA and OCT did not effect PR mRNA expression. AR mRNA expression was down regulated by COU, but not effected by BPA, DDT and OCT. The expression of ER α protein in the breast cancer cells was slightly down regulated by COU and DDT, but unaffected by BPA and OCT. In summary and in comparison to the effects observed after administration of E2, RAL and ICI our data indicate that none of the analysed compounds exhibit properties comparable to RAL and ICI. COU and DDT exhibit properties which are very similar to E2. Administration of BPA and OCT did not effect any of the estrogen sensitive molecular parameters analysed. Nevertheless OCT is a very potent stimulator of cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. Surprisingly, BPA is not able to induce the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, but turns out to be a very potent inhibitor of apoptosis. For this reason and in agreement to the effects of BPA on the molecular parameters analysed, we conclude that BPA does not act in a classical estrogen like manner in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.