Effect of ecological pressures on brains: Examples from avian neuroethology and general meanings

Comparative neuroethological research emphasizes that brains of animals have been shaped by the specific demands and constraints imposed by the ecological niche that a species occupies. Since avian species have developed very diverse life styles and occupy extreme ecological niches, bird brains should show many specializations, which may be revealed in species that have survived under high ecological pressures. In this paper, we will give several examples of adaptations, in which we are able to correlate structural and physiological specializations to the specific ecological demands: Adaptations found to nocturnal hunting in barn owls, the characteristics of bird song and its underlying neurobiological correlates, retinopetal projections and their relation to peripheral attentional switching, looming detection, and adaptations related to memory capacities of food-storing birds. We stress especially that the analysis of the animal's ecological situation is important in understanding the factors that shaped both behavior and the neuronal substrate.