TY - JOUR
T1 - Drag dependency aspects in Hyperloop aerodynamics
AU - Radeck, Domenik
AU - Nicolau, João
AU - Kukharskii, Vladislav
AU - Ojer Guerra, Lucía
AU - Herkenrath, Felix
AU - Martínez, Inés Velasco
AU - Pflüger, Jonathan
AU - Jocher, Agnes
AU - Breitsamter, Christian
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s)
PY - 2024/12
Y1 - 2024/12
N2 - The Hyperloop system is promising a viable solution for fast, sustainable, and economic travel between cities. This paper investigates the challenging topic of Hyperloop aerodynamics via extensive numerical simulations. The study is divided based on the speed relative to the geometric Kantrowitz limit to manage the computational resources effectively. Below this limit, which marks the transition to choked flow, we conducted a cross-validation among an axisymmetric 2D model, a similar 3D geometry, and a realistic 3D geometry for blockage ratio 0.5 at several speeds. A definitive range for drag was determined, notably low absolute drag values were observed, and the 2D axisymmetric simplification was put into perspective. Above the choked flow condition, we undertook two resource-intensive simulations of the 2D setup, accelerating through several kilometers of tube. This methodology allowed us to shed light on the drag behavior that emerges under transient conditions. The existence of three regimes outlined by literature is corroborated by our study. Nevertheless, distinct variations emerge between the analyses, notably in the configuration of the shock wave structure, the linear increment of drag at a constant velocity, and the influence of the pod's acceleration profile in the flow structure. The study broadens the understanding of Hyperloop aerodynamics and offers realistic drag data for both choked and non-choked flow.
AB - The Hyperloop system is promising a viable solution for fast, sustainable, and economic travel between cities. This paper investigates the challenging topic of Hyperloop aerodynamics via extensive numerical simulations. The study is divided based on the speed relative to the geometric Kantrowitz limit to manage the computational resources effectively. Below this limit, which marks the transition to choked flow, we conducted a cross-validation among an axisymmetric 2D model, a similar 3D geometry, and a realistic 3D geometry for blockage ratio 0.5 at several speeds. A definitive range for drag was determined, notably low absolute drag values were observed, and the 2D axisymmetric simplification was put into perspective. Above the choked flow condition, we undertook two resource-intensive simulations of the 2D setup, accelerating through several kilometers of tube. This methodology allowed us to shed light on the drag behavior that emerges under transient conditions. The existence of three regimes outlined by literature is corroborated by our study. Nevertheless, distinct variations emerge between the analyses, notably in the configuration of the shock wave structure, the linear increment of drag at a constant velocity, and the influence of the pod's acceleration profile in the flow structure. The study broadens the understanding of Hyperloop aerodynamics and offers realistic drag data for both choked and non-choked flow.
KW - Aerodynamics
KW - Choked flow
KW - Ground transportation
KW - High performance computing application
KW - High-speed
KW - Hyperloop
KW - Transient simulation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85208915921&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ast.2024.109722
DO - 10.1016/j.ast.2024.109722
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85208915921
SN - 1270-9638
VL - 155
JO - Aerospace Science and Technology
JF - Aerospace Science and Technology
M1 - 109722
ER -