Design, synthesis, and characterization of a cationic peptide that binds to nucleic acids and permeabilizes bilayers

We have designed a cationic amphipathic peptide, KALA (WEAKLAKALAKALAKHLAKALAKALKACEA), that binds to DNA, destabilizes membranes, and mediates DNA transfection. KALA undergoes a pH-dependent random coil to amphipathic α-helical conformational change as the pH is increased from 5.0 to 7.5. One face displays hydrophobic leucine residues, and the opposite face displays hydrophilic lysine residues. KALA-mediated release of entrapped aqueous contents from neutral and negatively charged liposomes increases with increasing helical content. KALA binds to oligonucleotides or plasmid DNA and retards their migration in gel electrophoresis. It displaces 50% of ethidium bromide from DNA at a charge ratio (+/-) of 0.9/l. In cultured cells, KALA assists oligonucleotide nuclear delivery when complexes are prepared at a 10/1 (+/-) charge ratio. KALA/DNA (10/1) (+/-) complexes mediate transfection of a variety of cell lines. The KALA sequence provides a starting point for a family of peptides that incorporate other functions to improve DNA delivery systems.