TY - JOUR
T1 - Comparison of methods to evaluate the influence of an automated vehicle's driving behavior on pedestrians
T2 - Wizard of Oz, virtual reality, and video
AU - Fuest, Tanja
AU - Schmidt, Elisabeth
AU - Bengler, Klaus
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors.
PY - 2020/6/1
Y1 - 2020/6/1
N2 - Integrating automated vehicles into mixed traffic entails several challenges. Their driving behavior must be designed such that is understandable for all human road users, and that it ensures an efficient and safe traffic system. Previous studies investigated these issues, especially regarding the communication between automated vehicles and pedestrians. These studies used different methods, e.g., videos, virtual reality, orWizard of Oz vehicles. However, the extent of transferability between these studies is still unknown. Therefore, we replicated the same study design in four different settings: two video, one virtual reality, and oneWizard of Oz setup. In the first video setup, videos from the virtual reality setup were used, while in the second setup, we filmed theWizard of Oz vehicle. In all studies, participants stood at the roadside in a shared space. An automated vehicle approached from the left, using different driving profiles characterized by changing speed to communicate its intention to let the pedestrians cross the road. Participants were asked to recognize the intention of the automated vehicle and to press a button as soon as they realized this intention. Results revealed differences in the intention recognition time between the four study setups, as well as in the correct intention rate. The results from vehicle-pedestrian interaction studies published in recent years that used different study settings can therefore only be compared to each other to a limited extent.
AB - Integrating automated vehicles into mixed traffic entails several challenges. Their driving behavior must be designed such that is understandable for all human road users, and that it ensures an efficient and safe traffic system. Previous studies investigated these issues, especially regarding the communication between automated vehicles and pedestrians. These studies used different methods, e.g., videos, virtual reality, orWizard of Oz vehicles. However, the extent of transferability between these studies is still unknown. Therefore, we replicated the same study design in four different settings: two video, one virtual reality, and oneWizard of Oz setup. In the first video setup, videos from the virtual reality setup were used, while in the second setup, we filmed theWizard of Oz vehicle. In all studies, participants stood at the roadside in a shared space. An automated vehicle approached from the left, using different driving profiles characterized by changing speed to communicate its intention to let the pedestrians cross the road. Participants were asked to recognize the intention of the automated vehicle and to press a button as soon as they realized this intention. Results revealed differences in the intention recognition time between the four study setups, as well as in the correct intention rate. The results from vehicle-pedestrian interaction studies published in recent years that used different study settings can therefore only be compared to each other to a limited extent.
KW - (Automated) vehicle-pedestrian interaction
KW - Implicit communication
KW - Mixed traffic
KW - Setup comparison/method comparison
KW - Video
KW - Virtual reality
KW - Wizard of oz
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85087455197&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/INFO11060291
DO - 10.3390/INFO11060291
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85087455197
SN - 2078-2489
VL - 11
JO - Information (Switzerland)
JF - Information (Switzerland)
IS - 6
M1 - 291
ER -