Canopy gaps and regeneration in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands, northern Iran

Virgin beech Fagus orientalis forests in northern Iran provide a unique opportunity to study the disturbance regimes of forest ecosystems without human influence. The aim of this research was to describe characteristics of natural canopy gaps and gap area fraction as an environmental influence on the success of beech seedling establishment in mature beech stands. All canopy gaps and related forest parameters were measured within three 25ha areas within the Gorazbon compartment of the University of Tehran's Kheyrud Experimental Forest. An average of 3gaps/ha occurred in the forest and gap sizes ranged from 19 to 1250m² in size. The most frequent (58%) canopy gaps were <200m². In total, canopy gaps covered 9.3% of the forest area. Gaps <400m² in size were irregular in shape, but larger gaps did not differ significantly in shape from a circle. Most gaps (41%) were formed by a single tree-fall event and beech made up 63% of gap makers and 93% of gap fillers. Frequency and diversity of tree seedlings were not significantly correlated with gap size. The minimum gap size that contained at least one beech gap-filling sapling (<1.3m tall) was 23.7m². The median gap size containing at least one beech gap-filling sapling was 206m² and the maximum size was 1808m². The management implications from our study suggest that the creation of small and medium sized gaps in mixed beech forest should mimic natural disturbance regimes and provide suitable conditions for successful beech regeneration.