Atomic force microscopy as a tool in nanobiology part I: Imaging and manipulation in cytogenetics

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nowadays can be used not only as a high-resolution imaging tool for precise cytogenetic studies but, at the same time, for mechanical measurements and manipulation of genetic material. This combination allows, for the first time, identification of the sample area, microdissection and nanoextraction of genetic material for further biomedical and biochemical studies. In this review, we examine AFM techniques like cutting, gripping and extracting biomaterial at the submicron scale under high-resolution image control and potential applications in cytogenetics.