Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Relapse prevention with antipsychotic drugs compared with placebo in patients with schizophrenia has not been suffi ciently addressed by previous systematic reviews. We aimed to assess the association between such drugs and various outcomes in patients with schizophrenia to resolve controversial issues. Methods We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's specialised register for reports published before Nov 11, 2008; and PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov for those before June 8, 2011. We also contacted pharmaceutical companies and searched the reference lists of included studies and previous reviews. Randomised trials of patients with schizophrenia continued on or withdrawn from any antipsychotic drug regimen after stabilisation were eligible. Our primary outcome was relapse between 7 and 12 months. We also examined safety and various functional outcomes. We used the random eff ects model and verifi ed results for the primary outcome with a fi xed eff ects model. Heterogeneity was investigated with subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Findings We identifi ed 116 suitable reports from 65 trials, with data for 6493 patients. Antipsychotic drugs signifi cantly reduced relapse rates at 1 year (drugs 27% vs placebo 64%; risk ratio [RR] 0•40, 95% CI 0•33-0•49; number needed to treat to benefi t [NNTB] 3, 95% CI 2-3). Fewer patients given antipsychotic drugs than placebo were readmitted (10% vs 26%; RR 0•38, 95% CI 0•27-0•55; NNTB 5, 4-9), but less than a third of relapsed patients had to be admitted. Limited evidence suggested better quality of life (standardised mean diff erence -0•62, 95% CI -1•15 to -0•09) and fewer aggressive acts (2% vs 12%; RR 0•27, 95% CI 0•15-0•52; NNTB 11, 6-100) with antipsychotic drugs than with placebo. Employment data were scarce and too few deaths were reported to allow signifi cant diff erences to be identifi ed. More patients given antipsychotic drugs than placebo gained weight (10% vs 6%; RR 2•07, 95% CI 2•31-3•25) , had movement disorders (16% vs 9%; 1•55, 1•25-1•93), and experienced sedation (13% vs 9%; 1•50, 1•22-1•84). Substantial heterogeneity in size of eff ect was recorded. In subgroup analyses, number of episodes, whether patients were in remission, abrupt or gradual withdrawal of treatment, length of stability before trial entry, fi rst-generation or secondgeneration drugs, and allocation concealment method did not signifi cantly aff ect relapse risk. Depot preparations reduced relapse (RR 0•31, 95% CI 0•21-0•41) more than did oral drugs (0•46, 0•37-0•57; p=0•03); depot haloperidol (RR 0•14, 95% CI 0•04-0•55) and fl uphenazine (0•23, 0•14-0•39) had the greatest eff ects. The eff ects of antipsychotic drugs were greater in two unblinded trials (0•26, 0•17-0•39) than in most blinded studies (0•42, 0•35-0•51; p= 0•03). In a meta-regression, the diff erence between drug and placebo decreased with study length. Interpretation Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs benefi ts patients with schizophrenia. The advantages of these drugs must be weighed against their side-eff ects. Future studies should focus on outcomes of social participation and clarify the long-term morbidity and mortality of these drugs.