TY - JOUR
T1 - Acceleration of the rate of the Heck reaction through UV- and visible-light-induced palladium(II) reduction
AU - Fredricks, Margaret Anne
AU - Drees, Markus
AU - Köhler, Klaus
PY - 2010/11/15
Y1 - 2010/11/15
N2 - Irradiation with light (UV and visible) increases the rate of the Heck reaction using homogeneous (palladium(II) acetate) and heterogeneous (Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/TiO2) catalysts. The rate of the coupling of bromobenzene, chlorobenzene, and 4-chloroacetophenone with styrene was increased under light irradiation at temperatures between 90 and 160°C. Detailed investigations showed that light irradiation accelerates the reduction of the PdII precursor, as confirmed by 31PNMR spectroscopy, in which the insitu reduction of [Pd(OAc)2(PPh3)2] to [Pd(PPh3)n] (n=2-4) in the presence of PPh3 took only minutes under visible light irradiation and several hours in the dark. The role of light is, however, complex since it also influences other PdII reduction steps in conjunction with catalyst deactivation (Pdblack formation). 31PNMR spectroscopy showed the same active species, anionic palladium halide complexes, in both irradiated and unirradiated reactions. UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy of Pd(OAc)2 and DFT calculations, theoretical UV/Vis spectra, and orbital calculations of [PdI4]2-, [PdBr4]2-, and [PdCl4]2-, showed that ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) is responsible for the accelerated reduction of PdII to Pd0 under light irradiation.
AB - Irradiation with light (UV and visible) increases the rate of the Heck reaction using homogeneous (palladium(II) acetate) and heterogeneous (Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/TiO2) catalysts. The rate of the coupling of bromobenzene, chlorobenzene, and 4-chloroacetophenone with styrene was increased under light irradiation at temperatures between 90 and 160°C. Detailed investigations showed that light irradiation accelerates the reduction of the PdII precursor, as confirmed by 31PNMR spectroscopy, in which the insitu reduction of [Pd(OAc)2(PPh3)2] to [Pd(PPh3)n] (n=2-4) in the presence of PPh3 took only minutes under visible light irradiation and several hours in the dark. The role of light is, however, complex since it also influences other PdII reduction steps in conjunction with catalyst deactivation (Pdblack formation). 31PNMR spectroscopy showed the same active species, anionic palladium halide complexes, in both irradiated and unirradiated reactions. UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy of Pd(OAc)2 and DFT calculations, theoretical UV/Vis spectra, and orbital calculations of [PdI4]2-, [PdBr4]2-, and [PdCl4]2-, showed that ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) is responsible for the accelerated reduction of PdII to Pd0 under light irradiation.
KW - C-C coupling
KW - Density functional calculations
KW - Heck reaction
KW - Palladium
KW - Photochemistry
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=79957748437&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/cctc.201000137
DO - 10.1002/cctc.201000137
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:79957748437
SN - 1867-3880
VL - 2
SP - 1467
EP - 1476
JO - ChemCatChem
JF - ChemCatChem
IS - 11
ER -