Chair of Computing in Civil and Building Engineering

Research output

Research output per year 2003 2015 2018 2021 2023 2024 2025

• 233 Conference contribution
• 104 Article
• 40 Chapter
• 35 Paper
• 58 More
  • 22 Conference article
  • 22 Doctoral Thesis
  • 6 Editorial
  • 5 Book
  • 2 Review article
  • 1 Foreword/postscript

Research output per year

Research output per year

Search results

• 2025

  Design Healing framework for automated code compliance

  Wu, J., Nousias, S. & Borrmann, A., Mar 2025, In: Automation in Construction. 171, 106004.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Healing 100%
  • Code Compliance 100%
  • Automated Compliance Checking 100%
  • Design Space 100%
  • Design Constraint 100%

• Monitoring concrete pouring progress using knowledge graph-enhanced computer vision

  Pfitzner, F., Hu, S., Braun, A., Borrmann, A. & Fang, Y., Jun 2025, In: Automation in Construction. 174, 106117.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Knowledge Graph 100%
  • Computer Vision 100%
  • Using Knowledge 100%
  • Concrete Pouring 100%
  • Computervision 100%

• Reference architecture and ontology framework for digital twin construction

  Schlenger, J., Pluta, K., Mathew, A., Yeung, T., Sacks, R. & Borrmann, A., 1 Mar 2025, In: Automation in Construction. 174, p. 106111 1 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Reference architecture and ontology framework for digital twin construction

  Schlenger, J., Pluta, K., Mathew, A., Yeung, T., Sacks, R. & Borrmann, A., Jun 2025, In: Automation in Construction. 174, 106111.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Digital Twin 100%
  • Reference Architecture 100%
  • Ontological Framework 100%
  • Architecture Framework 100%
  • Reference Ontology 100%
• 2024

  A Framework for Generic Semantic Enrichment of BIM Models

  Wang, Z., Sacks, R., Ouyang, B., Ying, H. & Borrmann, A., 1 Jan 2024, In: Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering. 38, 1, 04023038.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Building Information Modeling 100%
  • Semantic Enrichment 100%
  • Information Modeling 100%
  • Process Control 100%
  • Object Geometry 50%
  7 Scopus citations

• Automated data-driven method for creating digital building models from dense point clouds and images through semantic segmentation and parametric model fitting

  Mehranfar, M., Vega-Torres, M. A., Braun, A. & Borrmann, A., Oct 2024, In: Advanced Engineering Informatics. 62, 102643.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Semantic Segmentation 100%
  • Model Fitting 100%
  • Dense Point Cloud 100%
  • Digital Model 100%
  • Parametric Model 100%
  9 Scopus citations

• Automating adaptive scan planning for static laser scanning in complex 3D environments

  Noichl, F., Lichti, D. D. & Borrmann, A., Sep 2024, In: Automation in Construction. 165, 105511.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Laser Scanning 100%
  • 3D Environment 100%
  • Adaptive Scanning 100%
  • Scan Planning 100%
  • Point Cloud 100%
  4 Scopus citations

• Enhancing point cloud semantic segmentation in the data-scarce domain of industrial plants through synthetic data

  Noichl, F., Collins, F. C., Braun, A. & Borrmann, A., 15 May 2024, In: Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 39, 10, p. 1530-1549 20 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Sampling Methods 100%
  • Synthetic Data 100%
  • Point Cloud Segmentation 100%
  • Industrial Plant 100%
  • Data-scarce 100%
  14 Scopus citations

• Fabrication Information Modeling for Closed-Loop Design and Quality Improvement in Additive Manufacturing for construction

  Slepicka, M. & Borrmann, A., 1 Dec 2024, In: Automation in Construction. 168, 105792.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Additive Manufacturing 100%
  • Information Model 100%
  • Closed-loop Design 100%
  • Closed Loop 100%
  • Three Dimensional Printing 100%
  2 Scopus citations

• From data to knowledge: Construction process analysis through continuous image capturing, object detection, and knowledge graph creation

  Pfitzner, F., Braun, A. & Borrmann, A., Aug 2024, In: Automation in Construction. 164, 105451.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Knowledge Graph 100%
  • Object Detection 100%
  • Construction Stage Analysis 100%
  • Object Knowledge 100%
  • Continuous Images 100%
  10 Scopus citations

• From dense point clouds to semantic digital models: End-to-end AI-based automation procedure for Manhattan-world structures

  Mehranfar, M., Braun, A. & Borrmann, A., Jun 2024, In: Automation in Construction. 162, 105392.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Dense Point Cloud 100%
  • Digital Model 100%
  • AI-based Methods 100%
  • Manhattan World 100%
  • Point Cloud 100%
  8 Scopus citations

• Long living human-machine systems in construction and production enabled by digital twins Exploring applications, challenges, and pathways to sustainability

  Vogel-Heuser, B., Hartl, F., Wittemer, M., Zhao, J., Mayr, A., Fleischer, M., Prinz, T., Fischer, A., Trauer, J., Schroeder, P., Goldbach, A. K., Rothmeyer, F., Zimmermann, M., Bletzinger, K. U., Fottner, J., Daub, R., Bengler, K., Borrmann, A., Zaeh, M. F. & Wudy, K., 1 Sep 2024, In: At-Automatisierungstechnik. 72, 9, p. 789-814 26 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Digital Twin 100%
  • Data Management 100%
  • Human-machine Systems 100%
  • Data Engineering 100%
  • Pathways to Sustainability 100%

• MSFD-NET: A MULTISCALE SPATIAL FEATURE DESCRIPTOR NETWORK FOR SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF LARGE-SCALE BRIDGE POINT CLOUDS

  Mafipour, M. S., Vilgertshofer, S. & Borrmann, A., 2024, In: Journal of Information Technology in Construction. 29, p. 914-934 21 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Point Cloud 100%
  • Feature Descriptor 100%
  • Semantic Segmentation 100%
  • Spatial Features 100%
  • Point Cloud Data 100%

• MSFD-Net: A Multiscale Spatial Feature Descriptor Network for Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale Bridge Point Clouds

  Mafipour, M. S., Vilgertshofer, S. & Borrmann, A., 1 Dec 2024, In: Journal of Information Technology in Construction. 29, p. 914-934 21 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Semantic enrichment for BIM-based building energy performance simulations using semantic textual similarity and fine-tuning multilingual LLM

  Forth, K. & Borrmann, A., 15 Oct 2024, In: Journal of Building Engineering. 95, 110312.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Building Information Modeling 100%
  • Semantic Enrichment 100%
  • Building Energy Simulation 100%
  • Large Language Models 100%
  • Semantic Textual Similarity 100%
  5 Scopus citations

• SLAM2REF: advancing long-term mapping with 3D LiDAR and reference map integration for precise 6-DoF trajectory estimation and map extension

  Vega-Torres, M. A., Braun, A. & Borrmann, A., 2024, In: Construction Robotics. 8, 2, p. 13 1 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access
• 2023

  Automated geometric digital twinning of bridges from segmented point clouds by parametric prototype models

  Mafipour, M. S., Vilgertshofer, S. & Borrmann, A., Dec 2023, In: Automation in Construction. 156, 105101.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Point Cloud 100%
  • Prototype Model 100%
  • Digital Twinning 100%
  • Parametric Model 40%
  • Digital Twin 40%
  21 Scopus citations

• BIM4EarlyLCA: An interactive visualization approach for early design support based on uncertain LCA results using open BIM

  Forth, K., Hollberg, A. & Borrmann, A., Dec 2023, In: Developments in the Built Environment. 16, 100263.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Building Information Modeling 100%
  • Life Cycle Assessment 100%
  • Visualization Approaches 100%
  • Interactive Visualization 100%
  • Open Building 100%
  11 Scopus citations

• Calculation of embodied GHG emissions in early building design stages using BIM and NLP-based semantic model healing

  Forth, K., Abualdenien, J. & Borrmann, A., 1 Apr 2023, In: Energy and Buildings. 284, 112837.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Semantic Model 100%
  • Building Information Modeling 100%
  • Early Design Phases 100%
  • Building Design Process 100%
  • Modeling Language 100%
  21 Scopus citations

• Cognitive Path Planning With Spatial Memory Distortion

  Dubey, R. K., Sohn, S. S., Thrash, T., Holscher, C., Borrmann, A. & Kapadia, M., 1 Aug 2023, In: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 29, 8, p. 3535-3549 15 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Path Planning 100%
  • Memory Distortion 100%
  • Spatial Memory 100%
  • path-planning 100%
  • Cognitive Graph 60%
  3 Scopus citations

• Digitaler Zwilling Baustelle – Baustellenüberwachung zur automatisierten Zeit- und Kostenkontrolle

  Translated title of the contribution: Digital twin construction - Process monitoring for automated control of time and costSchlenger, J., Pfitzner, F., Braun, A., Vilgertshofer, S. & Borrmann, A., Apr 2023, Bautechnik, 100, 4, p. 190-197 8 p.

  Research output: Contribution to specialist publication › Article

  Open Access

  • Process Monitoring 100%
  • Construction Site 100%
  • Construction Process 100%
  • Digital Twin 100%
  • Automated Control 100%
  1 Scopus citations

• Emergency Floor Plan Digitization Using Machine Learning

  Hassaan, M., Ott, P. A., Dugstad, A. K., Torres, M. A. V. & Borrmann, A., Oct 2023, In: Sensors (Switzerland). 23, 19, 8344.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Floorplanning 100%
  • Machine Learning 100%
  • Digitization 100%
  • Indoor Environment 100%
  • Trajectory Planning 100%
  1 Scopus citations

• Graph-based learning for automated code checking – Exploring the application of graph neural networks for design review

  Bloch, T., Borrmann, A. & Pauwels, P., Oct 2023, In: Advanced Engineering Informatics. 58, 102137.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Illustrates 100%
  • Limitations 100%
  • Engineering 100%
  • Model Building 100%
  • Neural Network Architecture 100%
  10 Scopus citations

• Modulare Fußgängerbrücken aus seriell hergestellten Betonfertigteilen: Entwürfe aus dem DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm 2187

  Rettinger, M., Prziwarzinski, A., Meyer, M., Kolbeck, L., Tošić, Z., Hückler, A., Lordick, D., Borrmann, A., Haist, M., Lohaus, L. & Schlaich, M., Nov 2023, In: Beton- und Stahlbetonbau. 118, 11, p. 803-814 12 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
  5 Scopus citations

• Modularisation Strategies for Individualised Precast Construction—Conceptual Fundamentals and Research Directions

  Kolbeck, L., Kovaleva, D., Manny, A., Stieler, D., Rettinger, M., Renz, R., Tošić, Z., Teschemacher, T., Stindt, J., Forman, P., Borrmann, A., Blandini, L., Stempniewski, L., Stark, A., Menges, A., Schlaich, M., Albers, A., Lordick, D., Bletzinger, K. U. & Mark, P., Dec 2023, In: Designs. 7, 6, 143.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Modularization Strategy 100%
  • Precast Construction 100%
  • Modularization 100%
  • Increased Productivity 66%
  • Precast Concrete Structure 66%
  8 Scopus citations

• Version control for asynchronous BIM collaboration: Model merging through graph analysis and transformation

  Esser, S., Vilgertshofer, S. & Borrmann, A., Nov 2023, In: Automation in Construction. 155, 105063.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Graph Analysis 100%
  • Graph Transformation 100%
  • Version Control 100%
  • Collaboration Model 100%
  • Model Merging 100%
  5 Scopus citations
• 2022

  3D deep-learning-enhanced void-growing approach in creating geometric digital twins of buildings

  Pan, Y., Braun, A., Borrmann, A. & Brilakis, I., 14 Dec 2022, In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Smart Infrastructure and Construction. 176, 1, p. 24-40 17 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Geometric Information 100%
  • Deep Learning 100%
  • Digital Twin 100%
  • Deep Learning Method 100%
  • Semantic Information 66%
  14 Scopus citations

• Analysis of early-design timber models for sound insulation

  Châteauvieux-Hellwig, C., Abualdenien, J. & Borrmann, A., Aug 2022, In: Advanced Engineering Informatics. 53, 101675.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Sound Insulation 100%
  • Early Design Phases 100%
  • Timber 100%
  • Acoustic Analysis 100%
  • Model Building 100%

• BIM-BASED DESIGN DECISIONS DOCUMENTATION USING DESIGN EPISODES, EXPLANATION TAGS, AND CONSTRAINTS

  Zahedi, A., Abualdenien, J., Petzold, F. & Borrmann, A., 2022, In: Journal of Information Technology in Construction. 27, p. 756-780 25 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Design Decisions 100%
  • Design Episodes 100%
  • Decision Documentation 100%
  • BIM-based 100%
  • Design Concept 100%
  9 Scopus citations

• Enhancing Railway Detection by Priming Neural Networks with Project Exaptations

  Eickeler, F. & Borrmann, A., Nov 2022, In: Remote Sensing. 14, 21, 5482.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Neural Network 100%
  • Digital Model 100%
  • Exaptation 100%
  • Rail Crack Detection 100%
  • Automatic Generation 100%
  2 Scopus citations

• Enriching geometric digital twins of buildings with small objects by fusing laser scanning and AI-based image recognition

  Pan, Y., Braun, A., Brilakis, I. & Borrmann, A., Aug 2022, In: Automation in Construction. 140, 104375.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Laser Scanning 100%
  • Small Objects 100%
  • Digital Twin 100%
  • Image Recognition 100%
  • AI-based Methods 100%
  55 Scopus citations

• Ensemble-learning approach for the classification of Levels Of Geometry (LOG) of building elements

  Abualdenien, J. & Borrmann, A., Jan 2022, In: Advanced Engineering Informatics. 51, 101497.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Building Elements 100%
  • Building Geometry 100%
  • Level of Geometry 100%
  • Ensemble Learning Approach 100%
  • Building Information Modeling Technology 100%
  25 Scopus citations

• Fabrication information modeling: interfacing building information modeling with digital fabrication

  Slepicka, M., Vilgertshofer, S. & Borrmann, A., 1 Jul 2022, In: Construction Robotics. 6, p. 87-99 13 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Graph-based version control for asynchronous BIM collaboration

  Esser, S., Vilgertshofer, S. & Borrmann, A., Aug 2022, In: Advanced Engineering Informatics. 53, 101664.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Building Information Modeling 100%
  • Graph-based 100%
  • Version Control 100%
  • Information Modeling 100%
  • Object-level 40%
  21 Scopus citations

• Introducing causal inference in the energy-efficient building design process

  Chen, X., Abualdenien, J., Mahan Singh, M., Borrmann, A. & Geyer, P., 15 Dec 2022, In: Energy and Buildings. 277, 112583.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Causal Inference 100%
  • Data-driven Methods 100%
  • Decision Support 100%
  • Domain Experience 100%
  • Building Design Process 100%
  15 Scopus citations

• LEVELS OF DETAIL, DEVELOPMENT, DEFINITION, AND INFORMATION NEED: A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

  Abualdenien, J. & Borrmann, A., 2022, In: Journal of Information Technology in Construction. 27, p. 363-392 30 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Information Level 100%
  • Critical Literature Review 100%
  • Level of Development 100%
  • Use Case 100%
  • Design Phase 100%
  36 Scopus citations

• Recognition of temporary vertical objects in large point clouds of construction sites

  Torres, M. A. V., Braun, A., Noichl, F., Borrmann, A., Bauer, H. & Wohlfeld, D., 25 May 2022, In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Smart Infrastructure and Construction. 174, 4, p. 134-149 16 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Point Cloud 100%
  • Construction Site 100%
  • Large-scale Point Clouds 100%
  • Image Processing 100%
  • Construction Monitoring 40%
  3 Scopus citations

• Retrofitting Potential of Building envelopes Based on Semantic Surface Models Derived From Point Clouds

  Selimovic, E., Noichl, F., Forth, K. & Borrmann, A., 2022, In: Journal of Facade Design and Engineering. 10, 2, p. 127-139 13 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Point Cloud 100%
  • Surface Model 100%
  • Semantic Surfaces 100%
  • Building Envelope 100%
  • Retro-Fitting 100%
  3 Scopus citations

• Shape encoding for semantic healing of design models and knowledge transfer to scan-to-BIM

  Collins, F. C., Ringsquandl, M., Braun, A., Hall, D. M. & Borrmann, A., 2 Jun 2022, In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Smart Infrastructure and Construction. 175, 4, p. 160-180 21 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Knowledge Transfer 100%
  • Building Information Modeling 100%
  • Design Model 100%
  • Healing 100%
  • Design Knowledge 100%
  10 Scopus citations
• 2021

  Adaptive feature-conserving compression for large scale point clouds

  Eickeler, F., Sánchez-Rodríguez, A. & Borrmann, A., Apr 2021, In: Advanced Engineering Informatics. 48, 101236.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Photogrammetric 100%
  • Large-scale Point Clouds 100%
  • Adaptive Features 100%
  • Point Cloud 100%
  • Publicly Available 50%
  7 Scopus citations

• A generic and density-sensitive method for multi-scale pedestrian dynamics

  Biedermann, D. H., Clever, J. & Borrmann, A., Feb 2021, In: Automation in Construction. 122, 103489.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Spatial Resolution 100%
  • Pedestrian Dynamics 100%
  • Density Sensitive 100%
  • Multiscale 100%
  • Critical Region 100%
  9 Scopus citations

• Analyzing contextual linking of heterogeneous information models from the domains bim and uim

  Beck, S. F., Abualdenien, J., Hijazi, I. H., Borrmann, A. & Kolbe, T. H., Dec 2021, In: ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 10, 12, 807.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Information Model 100%
  • Heterogeneous Information 100%
  • Information Modeling 100%
  • Building Information Modeling 37%
  • Link Creation 25%
  19 Scopus citations

• Knowledge-based engineering in the context of railway design by integrating BIM, BPMN, DMN and the methodology for knowledge-based engineering applications (MOKA)

  Häußler, M. & Borrmann, A., May 2021, In: Journal of Information Technology in Construction. 26, p. 193-226 34 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Knowledge Engineering 100%
  • Engineering Application 100%
  • Railway Design 100%
  • Decision Model 100%
  • Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) 100%
  17 Scopus citations

• Künstliche Intelligenz für die gebaute Umwelt

  Borrmann, A., 1 Oct 2021, In: Informationen zur Raumentwicklung. 2021, 3, p. 21-27 7 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• Modulare Brückenbauwerke aus carbon-faserbewehrtem Ultrahochleistungsbeton – Graph-basierter Entwurf und trajektoriensensitive Fertigung

  Translated title of the contribution: Modular bridge structures made of carbon fibre reinforced ultra-high performance concrete - Graph-based design and trajectory-sensitive manufacturingKolbeck, L., Auer, D., Fischer, O., Vilgertshofer, S. & Borrmann, A., Sep 2021, In: Beton- und Stahlbetonbau. 116, S2, p. 24-33 10 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Bridge Structure 100%
  • Modular Bridge 100%
  • Ultra-high Performance Concrete 100%
  • Carbon Fiber Reinforced 100%
  • Graph-based Design 100%
  8 Scopus citations

• Vom Handwerk zur individualisierten Serienfertigung: Schwerpunkt adaptive Modulbauweisen mit Fließfertigungsmethoden

  Translated title of the contribution: From craft to customised flow production - The priority program adaptive modularised constructions made in a fluxMark, P., Lanza, G., Lordick, D., Albers, A., König, M., Borrmann, A., Stempniewski, L., Forman, P., Frey, A. M., Renz, R. & Manny, A., Mar 2021, Bautechnik, 98, 3, p. 243-256 14 p.

  Research output: Contribution to specialist publication › Article

  • Similarities 100%
  • Common Practice 100%
  • Disruptions 100%
  • Lean Production Process 100%
  • Modularization 100%
  33 Scopus citations
• 2020

  Georeferencing in the context of building information modelling

  Jaud, Š., Donaubauer, A., Heunecke, O. & Borrmann, A., Oct 2020, In: Automation in Construction. 118, 103211.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Building Information Modeling 100%
  • Georeferencing 100%
  • Information Modeling 100%
  • Reference Coordinate System 50%
  • Reference System 50%
  27 Scopus citations

• Improving progress monitoring by fusing point clouds, semantic data and computer vision

  Braun, A., Tuttas, S., Borrmann, A. & Stilla, U., Aug 2020, In: Automation in Construction. 116, 103210.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Point Cloud 100%
  • Computer Vision 100%
  • Progress Monitoring 100%
  • Data Vision 100%
  • Semantic Data 100%
  121 Scopus citations

• Mixed integer programming for dynamic tower crane and storage area optimization on construction sites

  Riga, K., Jahr, K., Thielen, C. & Borrmann, A., Dec 2020, In: Automation in Construction. 120, 103259.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Construction Site 100%
  • Tower Crane 100%
  • Area Optimization 100%
  • Storage Area 100%
  • Mixed Integer Programming 100%
  43 Scopus citations

• Model-based quality assurance in railway infrastructure planning

  Häußler, M. & Borrmann, A., Jan 2020, In: Automation in Construction. 109, 102971.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  • Quality Assurance 100%
  • Railway Infrastructure 100%
  • Infrastructure Planning 100%
  • Clash Detection 100%
  • Railway 100%
  20 Scopus citations