Pancreatic β-Cell Development and Regeneration

The pancreatic β-cells are essential for regulating glucose homeostasis through the coordi-nated release of the insulin hormone. Dysfunction of the highly specialized β-cells results in diabetes mellitus, a growing global health epidemic. In this review, we describe the development and function of β-cells the emerging concept of heterogeneity within insulin-pro-ducing cells, and the potential of other cell types to assume β-cell functionality via trans-differentiation. We also discuss emerging routes to design cells with minimal β-cell properties and human stem cell differentiation efforts that carry the promise to restore normoglycemia in patients suffering from diabetes.