Isolated Pd Sites as Selective Catalysts for Electrochemical and Direct Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis

Palladium nanoparticles have been studied extensively as catalysts for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, where selectivity remains a key challenge. Alloying Pd with other metals and using acid and halide promoters are commonly employed to increase H₂O₂ selectivity; however, the sites that can selectively produce H₂O₂ have not been identified and the role of these additives remains unclear. Here, we report the synthesis of atomically dispersed PdCl_x/C as a model catalyst for H₂O₂ production without the presence of extended Pd surfaces. We show that these isolated cationic Pd sites can form H₂O₂ with significantly higher selectivity than metallic Pd nanoparticles in both the reaction of H₂ and O₂ and the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction. These results demonstrate that catalysts containing high populations of isolated Pd sites are selective catalysts for this two-electron reduction reaction and that the performance of materials in the direct synthesis reaction and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction has many similarities.