Image-to-patient-registration by the natural anatomical surfaces of the auricle, mandible, and maxilla

A new developed navigation system, named SSN++, was evaluated for automated and markerless patient registration. The purpose of this system is to reduce radiation load and logistical input prior to computer-assisted surgery, as it is not necessary to place and measure reference markers. The method of image-to-patient-registration is based on natural anatomical surfaces such as the surfaces of the auricle, the mandible, and the maxilla.