Fate of herbicides in cropped lysimeters: 1. Influence of different processes and model structure on vadose zone flow

Understanding transport and fate processes in the subsurface is of fundamental importance to identify the leaching potentials of herbicides or other compounds to groundwater resources. HYDRUS-1D was used to simulate water flow and solute transport in arable land lysimeters. Simulations were compared to observed drainage rates and stable water isotopes (δ¹⁸O) in the drainage. Four different model setups were investigated and statistically evaluated for their model performance to identify dominant processes for water flow characterization in the vadose zone under similar cultivation management and climatic conditions. The studied lysimeters contain soil cores dominated by sandy gravel (Ly1) and clayey sandy silt (Ly2), both cropped with maize located in Wielenbach, Germany. First, a single-porosity setup was chosen. For Ly1, modeling results were satisfactory, but for Ly2, the damping observed in the isotope signature of the drainage could not be fully covered. By considering immobile water with a dual-porosity setup for Ly2, model performance improved. This could be due to a higher fraction of fine pores in Ly2 available for water storage, leading to mixing processes of isotopically enriched summer precipitation and lighter winter water. Accounting for isotopic evaporation fractionation processes in both model setups did not lead to improved model performance. Consequentially, the difference in soil hydraulic properties between the two lysimeters seems to impact water flow processes. Knowledge of such differences is crucial to prevent contamination and mitigate potential risks to soil and groundwater.