TY - JOUR
T1 - Comprehensive Analysis of Commercial Sodium-Ion Batteries
T2 - Structural and Electrochemical Insights
AU - Dorau, Filip Adam
AU - Sommer, Alessandro
AU - Koloch, Jan
AU - Röß-Ohlenroth, Richard
AU - Schreiber, Markus
AU - Neuner, Maximilian
AU - Abo Gamra, Kareem
AU - Lin, Yilei
AU - Schöberl, Jan
AU - Bilfinger, Philip
AU - Grabmann, Sophie
AU - Stumper, Benedikt
AU - Katzenmeier, Leon
AU - Lienkamp, Markus
AU - Daub, Rüdiger
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Author(s). Published on behalf of The Electrochemical Society by IOP Publishing Limited.
PY - 2024/9/2
Y1 - 2024/9/2
N2 - Considering the growing need for extensive energy storage solutions in smart grid technologies and affordable options for entry-level electric vehicles, sodium-ion batteries offer a promising alternative. They use raw materials that are cheaper, less toxic, and more abundant than those used in lithium-ion batteries, making them especially suitable for large-scale applications. This study comprehensively investigated four commercially available sodium-ion batteries to examine their structural and electrochemical characteristics. The cells were dissected, and the electrode dimensions, the areal mass loadings, and the material compositions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrical characterization, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, C-rate testing up to 6 C under different ambient temperatures, along with cyclic aging studies, provided insights into the cells’ performance and degradation mechanisms. The findings highlighted variations in electrode coatings, particle sizes, and cathode materials among the cells, which were then correlated with their electrical behavior. This emphasized the challenges in maintaining sodium-ion battery performance, especially at low temperatures. This study was designed to establish a comprehensive knowledge base for both academic and industrial research in sodium-ion battery technology.
AB - Considering the growing need for extensive energy storage solutions in smart grid technologies and affordable options for entry-level electric vehicles, sodium-ion batteries offer a promising alternative. They use raw materials that are cheaper, less toxic, and more abundant than those used in lithium-ion batteries, making them especially suitable for large-scale applications. This study comprehensively investigated four commercially available sodium-ion batteries to examine their structural and electrochemical characteristics. The cells were dissected, and the electrode dimensions, the areal mass loadings, and the material compositions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrical characterization, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, C-rate testing up to 6 C under different ambient temperatures, along with cyclic aging studies, provided insights into the cells’ performance and degradation mechanisms. The findings highlighted variations in electrode coatings, particle sizes, and cathode materials among the cells, which were then correlated with their electrical behavior. This emphasized the challenges in maintaining sodium-ion battery performance, especially at low temperatures. This study was designed to establish a comprehensive knowledge base for both academic and industrial research in sodium-ion battery technology.
KW - battery aging
KW - cell characterization
KW - cell teardown
KW - electrode dissection
KW - sodium-ion batteries
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85205429432&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1149/1945-7111/ad7765
DO - 10.1149/1945-7111/ad7765
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85205429432
SN - 0013-4651
VL - 171
JO - Journal of the Electrochemical Society
JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society
IS - 9
M1 - 090521
ER -