Bronze-Phase TiO₂ as Anode Materials in Lithium and Sodium-Ion Batteries

Titanium dioxide of bronze phase (TiO₂(B)) has attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative lithium/sodium-ion battery anode due to its excellent operation safety, good reversible capacity, and environmental friendliness. However, several intrinsic critical drawbacks, including moderate electrochemical kinetics and unsatisfactory long cyclic stability, significantly limit its practical applications. It is crucial to develop reliable strategies to resolve these issues to advance the TiO₂(B) based materials into practical applications in lithium/sodium-ion batteries. In this review, both the theoretical and experimental investigations on the TiO₂(B) based materials over the last few decades are chronically elaborated. Insights on the general and detailed evolution trends of the research on TiO₂(B) anodes are provided. The review also points to future directions for the TiO₂(B) anode research to advance the practical application of TiO₂(B) anodes.